Lecture 2

Question 1

Primary Injuries?

Answer 1

Occur as a direct result of stress and sport
*Can result from athlete or equipment

Question 2

Secondary Injuries?

Answer 2

Occur as indirect result of stress imposed by sport
*Can result from environment, existing conditions, or be hereditary

Question 3

Common Musculoskeletal injuries

Answer 3

Sprains
Strains
Tendinopathies
Bursitis
Contusions
Fractures

Question 4

What be sprains matey?

Answer 4

Injuries to ligaments
-Results from overstress to ligament fibers OR their bony attachment point

Question 5

What be strains matey?

Answer 5

Injuries to muscles
- Results from excessive forcible contractions (usually eccentric due to muscle spindles, and titin acting as spring)

Question 6

What be tendinopathies?

Answer 6

Inflammation or degenerative changes in tendons (usually 2ndary to repeated micro-traumas, or cicruclatory issues)
* Usually include overuse mechanisms.

Question 7

Tendonitis?

Answer 7

Inflammatory stage of tendinopathy.

Question 8

Tendonosis?

Answer 8

Chronic tendonitis

Question 9

Bursitis?

Answer 9

Inflammation of a bursal sac due to contusion or chronic irritation
If not left to resolve properly, can become degenerative to bursa.

Question 10

Contusions?

Answer 10

Can be superficial or deep
Crushing injuries to soft tissues with blood supply (in muscle known as an intra-muscular hematoma formation)

Question 11

Fractures?

Answer 11

Bread in contuity of bone
Closed=does not break skin
Open=bone breaks surface of skin

Question 12

3 Stages of healing process

Answer 12

1. Inflammation
2. Proliferation
   3.Maturation

Question 13

Acute Inflammation Stage

Answer 13

• Brings large quantities of oxygen/nutrients and clotting proteins to damaged region
• Inflamm. usually lasts 24-72 hours

Question 14

Signs of Inflammation

Answer 14

SHARP
Swelling
Heat
Altered Function
Redness
Pain

Question 15

Inflamm. Management

Answer 15

PIER
Pressure
Elevate
Ice
Rest

Question 16

Proliferation stage

Answer 16

• Begins at end of inflamm. and extends as long as 4 weeks.
• Immature collagen/granulation tissue is laid down (primary or secondary healing)
• Collagen maturation depends on type of tissue, healing environment and stress placed upon it.
• Tissue is very vulnerable during proliferation, and the
  end functional ability of the tissue will depend on the
  proliferation stage.

Question 17

Maturation Stage

Answer 17

• Starts at end of proliferation, and extends until tissue reaches full function/strength (varies from tissue to tissue)
• Type 1 and 3 collagen replace immature collagen within scar tissue to improve strength of repair.
• Elastin is incorporated (ongoing) with healing
• Collagen aligns with stresses introduced during rehab.

Question 18

Healing Rate of ligament and tendons

Answer 18

Immature collagen/granular tissue deposition = 3-6 days
70% of pre-injury strength regained = 6-8weeks
Full function restored= up to 1 year

Question 19

General bone healing

Answer 19

Hematoma formation= ~48hours
Soft callous formation= 1-2 weeks
Hard callous formation= 4-6 weeks
RTS= as tolerated

Question 20

General muscle healing

Answer 20

Degeneration/replacement of myofibrillar proteins = 1-7 days
50% of strength regained=varies based on stages of healing
Full return=Varied

Question 21

Intrinsic risk factors of injury

Answer 21

(relate to athlete or individual)
- Age
- scoliosis
- growth plate injuries
- Sex
- concussions
- knee injuries
- Female athlete triad
- Psychological state
- Medical conditions
- think chronic disease

Question 22

The Female athlete triad

Answer 22

• Energy imbalance (with or w/o disordered eating) leads to loss of body weight:
  
  • lower estrogen/hormone prod. causing dysmenorrhea (menstrual dysfunction)
  • Premature bone loss causing osteoporosis