IMED2001 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

gram +ve bacilli - endospore formers

A

bacilli
clostridium

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2
Q

gram +ve bacilli - non-endospore formers
regular shape and staining

A

listeria
erysipelothrix

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3
Q

gram +ve bacilli - non-endospore formers,
irregular shape and staining, acid fast

A

mycobacterium

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4
Q

gram +ve bacilli - non-endospore formers,
irregular shape and staining, non-acid fast

A

corneybacterium
propionibacterium

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5
Q

gram +ve bacilli - non-endospore formers,
irregular shape and staining, filamentous

A

actinomyces
nocardia

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6
Q

where are c.diff spores found?

A

widespread in the wa pig/cattle farming

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7
Q

where is c.diff spread from?

A

animals in farms

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8
Q

c.diff is spread through?

A
  1. fomites
  2. hand of staff
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9
Q

Clostridium difficile:
__________
disrupted

______ producing strain

______ antibiotics: __________________

A

gut microbiome disrupted

toxin producing strain

during/after antibiotics: antibiotic associated diarrhoea

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10
Q

mild/severe diarrhoea caused by c.diff

A

intractable diarrhoea

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11
Q

intractable diarrhoea lasts more than ____________

A

intractable diarrhoea lasts more than 4 weeks

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12
Q

most severe diarrhoea caused by c.diff

A

pseudomembranous colitis

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13
Q

pseudomembranous colitis features

A

inflammation of colon

white/yellow plaques

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14
Q

antibiotics to treat c.diff

A

metronidazole
vancomycin

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15
Q

treatment for severe c.diff

A

faecal transplant

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16
Q

how does a healthy gut protect against c.diff?

A
  1. stomach: ph reduces burn of c.diff spores

if c.diff enter a vegetative state in the colon

  1. bile acids prevent proliferation of c.diff
  2. commensal bacteria: produces compounds to inhibit growth, iga deals with c.diff spores
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17
Q

risk factors for c.diff in stomach

A

hcf & food: increases exposure to c.diff spores

ppi: increase ph, more spores pass to colon

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18
Q

risk factors for c.diff in colon

A

age: havent developed normal colonisation

antibiotics: wipes out normal flora, gives space for c.diff to grow

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19
Q

If c.diff is allowed to growth too much what happens?

A

toxins produced: tcd a, tcd b, binary toxin

destroys epithelial surface = barrier dysfunction

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20
Q

dybiosis

A

imbalance in microbial community

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21
Q

dysbiosis is caused by?

A

overgrowth of certain members

loss of commensals: usually due to pathogen overgrowth

loss of diversity

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22
Q

reasons for microbiome change?

A

1.environment

2, interaction between bacteria

positive - cross feeding

negative - bacteria 1 produces antibiotics/bacteriotoxins to attacked bacteria 2

  1. rapid evolution
  2. stochastic - unpredictable forces
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23
Q

ph _________es from stomach to colon

A

increases

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24
Q

anaerobe _________ from stomach to colon

A

increases

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25
what do untargeted interventions do?
cause only GENERAL improvement in microbial composition + functions
26
what is the effect of a diet low in animal fat and protein but high in plant fibres
host enzyme digestion - acid hydrolysis increase in growth of microbiota related to metabolic health
27
what is the effect of a diet high in animal fat and protein but low in plant fibres
host proteases - proteolysis increase in aberrant microbiota related to metabolic disease
28
what are examples of untargeted microbiome directed interventions?
exercise individualised nutrition faecal microbiota transplant prebiotics probiotics synbiotics postbiotics
29
positive effects of gut microbiome in health and disease?
- immune system - brain development and behaviour - protection & clearance from pathogen invasion
30
negative effects of gut microbiome in health and disease?
1. chronic kidney disease 2. metabolic syndromes - diabetes, obesity 3. gastro-intestinal disorders 4. colon cancer development 5. allergy and autoimmune disease
31
obese individuals - ______er firmicutes
higher
32
lean individuals - higher _________
bacteroidetes
33
adhesion, invasion, evasion of tuberculosis
1. small droplet nuclei enter terminal airspace 2. phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages 3. spread throughout the body 4. exist within macrophages
34
how is tuberculosis acquired?
direct human-human transmission aerosol spread
35
infectious dose of tuberculosis
very low infectious dose
36
tuberculosis reservoir
no animal or environmental reservoir
37
what is tuberculosis pathogenicity due to?
host inflammatory response tissue destruction
38
does tuberculosis have toxins?
no
39
treatment drug for tuberculosis?
mutli-drug
40
why multi-drug for tuberculosis?
prevents resistant strains
41
duration of tuberculosis treatment?
4-6 months
42
Tuberculosis (TB): global problem – ~______ world population infected (_______ TB infection) – ______ million deaths p.a.
Tuberculosis (TB): global problem – ~30% world population infected (latent TB infection) – 1.4 million deaths p.a.
43
risk factors for tb
crowding + poverty
44
TB first appeared around _________ years ago
TB first appeared around 20,000 years ago
45
Peaked at around ______ in Europe * 1 in ____ deaths caused by tuberculosis (consumption)
Peaked at around 1800 in Europe * 1 in 4 deaths caused by tuberculosis (consumption)
46
Antibiotics don’t ______ mutations to occur, they select for ______________.
Antibiotics don’t ‘cause’ mutations to occur, they select for pre-existing resistant mutants.
47
antibiotics used to treat tuberculosis
1. INH 2. rifampicin
48
MDR [_________]
MDR [both INH and rifampicin resistant]
49
we measure microbiota by looking at
DNA RNA PROTEIN METABOLITES
50
dna is measured through
gene amplicon shotgun metagenomics
51
rna is measured through
metatranscriptomics
52
protein and metabolites are measured through
protein and metabolite pool fragmentation spectra
53
2 bacilli examples
bacillus anthracis bacillus cereus
54
4 clostridium examples
clostridium: - perfrigens - tetani - botulinum - difficile
55
Bacillus cereus (_______)
Bacillus cereus (food poisoning)
56
Clostridium perfringens (__________)
Clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene)
57
Clostridium tetani (________-)
Clostridium tetani (tetanus)
58
Clostridium botulinum (________)
Clostridium botulinum (botulism)
59
Clostridium difficile (__________
Clostridium difficile (AAD)
60
Listeria monocytogenes (listeriosis) infection
sever, disseminated infection
61
Listeria monocytogenes (listeriosis) infection. How gets it?
immunocompromisd individuals + pregnant women (passed onto foetus)
62
Listeria monocytogenes (listeriosis) infection acquired from where?
contaminated foods (cold meats + soft cheese)
63
recent resurgence of of diphtheriae caused by which bacteria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
64
non-acid fast bacteria: corneybacterium, propionibacterium. common or rare?
rare - normal flora of the skin
65
diptheriae
membrane on throat - bull neck toxin mediated vaccine preventable
66
tuberculosis bacteria?
mycobacterium
67
actinomyces, nocardia
Environmental organisms (soil) – uncommon human infections
68
out of the endospore formers bacillus and clostridium, which ones are aerobic and anaerobic
bacillus - aerobic clostridium - anaerobic
69
which bacterium cause diptheriae?
corneybacterium propionibacterium
70
anthrax is caused by which bacteria?
bacillus anthracis
71
how does someone get infected with bacillus anthracis?
if spores are: - inhaled - ingested - contaminate a wound
72
gas gangrene is caused by which bacteria?
clostridium perfringens
73
example of bacteria/disease in which overgrowth of commensal bacteria leads to dysbiosis?
enterobacteriaceae - inflammatory bowel disease
74
example of bacteria/disease in which loss of commensals leads to dysbiosis?
antibiotic therapy clostridioides difficile associated collitis
75
example of bacteria/disease in which loss of diversity leads to dysbiosis?
inflammatory bowel disease HIV type 1 diabetes
76
IMED2001
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