Lecture 5

Question 1

pathogen

Answer 1

micoorganism that has the ability to cause disease

Question 2

virulence

Answer 2

likelihood that a microorganism will cause disease after infecting someone

Question 3

describe highly virulent pathogen

Answer 3

principal pathogen -

causes disease in people with intact immune systems

Question 4

describe less virulent pathogen

Answer 4

opportunistic pathogen

causes disease in people with

compromised immune system/pre-existing disease

Question 5

gram -ve diplococci

Answer 5

neisseria meningitis - meningitis

n. gonorrhoea - gonorrhoea

Question 6

gram -ve coccoid rods

Answer 6

haemophilus influenzae - respiratory tract infection

bordetella pertussius - wooping cough

Question 7

gram -ve comma shaped

Answer 7

Campylobacter jejuni

Vibrio cholerae

Helicobacter pylori

Question 8

gram -ve rods

Answer 8

Klebsiella
E. coli
Shigella
Salmonella
Proteus
Yersinia
Pseudomonas

Question 9

Campylobacter jejuni disease/infection

Answer 9

gastroenteritis

Question 10

Helicobacter pylori diseases (2)

Answer 10

ulcer disease

gastric cancer

Question 11

location of vibrio cholerae

Answer 11

saline waters + estuaries

on

biofilm of zooplankton + shellfish

Question 12

vibrio cholerae form during unfavourable periods?

Answer 12

viable, non-culturable forms

Question 13

vibrio cholerae form during favourable periods = zooplankton bloom?

Answer 13

they proliferate

Question 14

tranmission of vibrio cholerae?

Answer 14

faecal contamination

water supply

Question 15

does vibrio cholerae colonise or invade?

Answer 15

colonises

Question 16

how did vibrio cholerae become pathogenic?

Answer 16

check notes

Question 17

what type of anaerobes are enterobacteriaceae?

Answer 17

facultative anaerobes

Question 18

how do facultative anaerobes survive/get energy when o2 is absent?

Answer 18

ferment glucose and carbohydrates

Question 19

enterobacteriaceae inhabit?

Answer 19

intestinal tract of humans + animals

Question 20

enterobacteriaceae structure

Answer 20

motile

with peritrichous flagella

Question 21

which gram -ve rods are enterobacteriaceae?

Answer 21

everything except pseudomonas

Question 22

2 salmonella enterica strains

Answer 22

typhoidal serotypes and non-typhoidal serotypes

Question 23

cause of typhoidal serotypes of salmonella?

Answer 23

fever (typhoid)

Question 24

does salmonella enterica colonise or invade?

Answer 24

invade

Question 25

who gets infected by typhoidal serotypes of salmonella?

Answer 25

humans only

Question 26

can humans be asymptomatic carriers with typhoidal serotypes of salmonella?

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

2 species of typhoidal serotypes of salmonella?

Answer 27

salmonella typhi salmonella paratyphi A, B & C

Question 28

cause of non-typhoidal serotypes of salmonella?

Answer 28

animals species eating contaminated food

Question 29

who gets infected by non-typhoidal serotypes of salmonella?

Answer 29

humans & animals

Question 30

symptoms of non-typhoidal serotypes of salmonella?

Answer 30

self-limiting diarrhoea disseminated disease (organ to organ) in immunocompromised people

Question 31

what interaction is vibrio cholerae a result of?

Answer 31

host-pathogen-environment interaction

Question 32

explain the host-pathogen-environment interaction in vibrio cholerae?

Answer 32

host - humans genetic, immune status, gastric acidity pathogen: vibrio cholerae, virulence factors (toxin genes, pillus), inoculum (low dose) environment: climate, sanitation, water supply

Question 33

___________ resistance in Salmonella spreads through ____, the food chain and the _____________-.

Answer 33

Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella spreads through humans, the food chain and the environment.

Question 34

what about salmonella is a major public heath threat?

Answer 34

multi-resistance

Question 35

specific enterobacteriaceae e.coli?

Answer 35

escherichia coli

Question 36

escherichia coli. commensal or pathogen

Answer 36

commensal

Question 37

how are pathogenic strains of escherichia coli grouped?

Answer 37

according to virulence factors/diseases.

Question 38

why so many strains of escherichia coli?

Answer 38

horizontal gene transfer

Question 39

how does grain feeding cattle affect human health?

Answer 39

- grain fed cattle - starch escapes ruminal microbial degradation - starch passes to hindgut - e.coli ferments starch - e. coli grow a lot - spread through petting zoos and contaminated meat - increases the risk of human infection with pathogenic E. coli strains, which can cause renal failure.

Question 40

where is pseudomonas aeruginosa found generally?

Answer 40

places contaminated by human activity

Question 41

where is pseudomonas aeruginosa found?

Answer 41

reservoirs - faeces urban communities: hot tub, jacuzzi, swimming pool hospitals: water systems, sink, disinfectants

Question 42

infections of pseudomonas aeruginosa in health patients

Answer 42

- hot tub folliculitis - puncture wound in foot - swimmer's ear

Question 42

emergence period of pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Answer 42

1950 and onwards

Question 43

infections of pseudomonas aeruginosa in immunocompromised patients?

Answer 43

cystic fibrosis - chronic lung infection burn wood infection - blue green discharge diabetes - malignant otitis externa invasive devices organ transplant patient

Question 44

why can invasive devices get infected?

Answer 44

inability to protect against biofilms

Question 45

stages of biofilm formation?

Answer 45

1. initial adhesion: bacteria surface interaction 2. early attachment: irreversible adherence, bacterial division 3. young biofilm: microcolony formation 4. mature biofilm: mushroom shaped structures, increased antibiotic resistance 5. disperal: matrix cavity formed, release plancells

Question 46

what helps dispersal/planktonic lifestyle of bacteria?

Answer 46

quorum sensing too many bacteria, not enough nutrients some bacteria disperse to find somewhere else more nutrient dense to live

Question 47

healthcare associated infection caused by which methicillin-resistant drug?

Answer 47

s.aureus

Question 48

healthcare associated infection caused by which gram -ve bacilli?

Answer 48

Klebsiella spp Pseudomonas spp Acinetobacter spp

Question 49

infections caused by healthcare associated?

Answer 49

Bloodstream, pneumonia, urinary tract infections