Lecture 7

Question 1

Functional groups

Answer 1

Affects a molecule’s function by participating in chemical reactions in characteristic ways

Question 2

Hydroxyl group

Answer 2

Polar (which increases the solubility of the compound) - Found in alcohols, sugars, and amino acids

Question 3

Hydroxyl components

Answer 3

___ OH

Question 4

Where are Carbonyl groups found?

Answer 4

Found in sugars, amino acids, nucleotide bases

Question 5

Carbonyl aldehyde (end of chain)

Answer 5

shape
O
||
___C - H

Question 6

Carbonyl ketone (inside chain)

Answer 6

shape
O
||
______ C _______

Question 7

Carboxyl group

Answer 7

Highly polar - Has ability to donate H+ (hence acid) - Found in amino acids, fatty acids

Question 8

Carboxyl components

Answer 8

shape
O
//
________ C
\
O - H

Question 9

Amino group

Answer 9

Has ability to absorb H+ (hence acts as a weak “base”) - Found in amino acids (building blocks of proteins)

Question 10

Amino components

Answer 10

shape
H
/
____________ N
\
H

Question 11

Phosphate group

Answer 11

Water soluble - Ideal for energy transfer reactions (due to symetry and “rotating” double bond) - Found in ATP, phospholipids, DNA, RNA

Question 12

Phosphate components

Answer 12

shape
O
||
__________ O ___ P ___ O-
|
O-

Question 13

Sulfhydryl group

Answer 13

Molecules with this group known as “Thiols” - Sulphur is highly electronegative - Likes oxygen - Gives shape by forming disulfide bridges

Question 14

Sulfhydryl components

Answer 14

_____ S ___ H

Question 15

Methyl group

Answer 15

Nonpolar - Found in organic compounds, mainly in fatty acids

Question 16

Methyl components

Answer 16

_________ CH3

Question 17

Hydroxyl is…

Answer 17

Hydrogen bonded to an oxygen

Question 18

Carbonyl is…

Answer 18

Crabon double bonded to an oxygen

Question 19

Carboxyl is…

Answer 19

Crabon double bonded to an oxygen and a hydroxyl group

Question 20

Amino is…

Answer 20

Nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and the carbon skeleton

Question 21

Phosphate is…

Answer 21

Phosphorus bonded to four oxygens

Question 22

Methyl is…

Answer 22

Crabon bonded to 3 hydrogens

Question 23

What are the 4 main classes of biological molecues?

Answer 23

1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Nucleic Acids
4. Lipids

Question 24

What are macromolecules made of?

Answer 24

monomers (aka the building blocks)

Question 25

What is a macromolecule?

Answer 25

A large chain of molecules. It consists of multiple small identical molecules or similar building blocks

Question 26

Dehydration reaction (aka condensation)

Answer 26

Water forms as a product (cells link monomers to build polymers)

Question 27

Hydrolysis

Answer 27

Water is split up (cells break down macromolecules)

Question 28

An example of a structural carbohydrate

Answer 28

Cellulose (cellulose cell wall keeps shape for Elodea and other plants)

Question 29

Carbohydrates contain...

Answer 29

1) a carbonyl group 2) many hydroxyl groups 3) many crabon-hydrogen bonds (C-H)

Question 30

What are the 4 types of carbohydrates?

Answer 30

1) Monosaccharides 2) Disaccharides 3) Oligosaccharides 4) Polysaccharides

Question 31

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 31

Organic molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O)n

Question 32

What joins the carbohydrate atoms together?

Answer 32

Glycosidic bonds

Question 33

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 33

sugar monomers

Question 34

What are the three types of monosaccharides?

Answer 34

Trioses (3C) / Pentoses (5C) / Hexoses (6C)

Question 35

Name two examples of monosaccharide pentoses

Answer 35

Deoxyribose and ribose

Question 36

Name two examples of monosaccharide hexoses

Answer 36

Glucose and fructose

Question 37

What are isomers? What is an example of isomers?

Answer 37

1) Isomers are compound with the same formula but in a different structure. 2) ex. Glucose and Fructose

Question 38

What are disaccharides?

Answer 38

2 momo bonded in dehyration reaction

Question 39

Name three examples of disaccharides

Answer 39

1) Sucrose = glucose + fructose monomers 2) Maltose = 2 glucose monomers 3) Lactose = glucose + galactose monomers

Question 40

What are oligosaccharides?

Answer 40

Short chains of bonded mono (3-20) Covalently bonded to proteins and lipids

Question 41

Name an example of oligosaccharides

Answer 41

ABO blood groups

Question 42

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 42

They are used to make structural compounds / Storage molecules / many hydroxyl groups

Question 43

Name 3 examples of structural polysaccharides

Answer 43

Cellulose Chitin Peptidoglycan

Question 44

Name two examples of storage polysaccharides

Answer 44

Starch Glycogen