What do all amino acids have?
Central carbon atoms
Amino acid shape?
Shape: Amino/amine, Hydrogen, and Carboxyl group
H
H | O
\ | //
+ H —– N —– C —– C
/ | \
H R O -
All proteins are made up of…
20 amino acid subunits
What bonds amino acids?
Peptide bonds
What is a chain of amino acids?
Polypeptide
What does the function of the protein depend on?
Its shape
What is denaturation?
causes the polypeptide chain to
Unravel+lose its shape= loses its function
How many structure levels can proteins have?
4
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quartenary
Primary structure?
Unique amino acid sequence
Secondary structure?
Coiling or folding of polypeptide
stabilizing Hydrogen bonds
(alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheet)
Tertiary structure?
3D shape of polypeptide based on R group interractions
Examples of R group interractions =
- Disulfide bonds (thiols)
- Van der Waals interactions (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)
- Ionic bond
- Hydrogen bond
Quarternary structure?
2 or more polypeptide chains associate
Fibrous proteins =
Polypep chain in long sheet
ex: wool, nails, muscle
Globular protein =
Polypep chain folded in sherical shape
ex: enzymes
What are genes?
Units of inheritance consisting of DNA
Nucleic acid subunits are…
nucleotides
ex: DNA and RNA
nucleotide examples =
ATP (adenosine triphosphate),
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide),
NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate),
FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
Nucleotides are …
Nucleis acid monomers
What are the tree parts of nucleotides?
1) 5-carbon (pentose) sugar (ribose RNA / deoxyribose DNA)
2) phostphate group
3) nitrogenous group
Nucleotide bonding is called….
Phosphodiester linkage
ATP is…
a nucleotide with three phosphate groups
important for energy transfer
RNA is…
Ribonucleic acid
- adenine, URACIL, guanine, cytosine
- ribose sugar
DNA is…
deoxyribonucleis acid
- adenine, THYMINE, guanine, cytosine
- deoxyribose sugar
- 2 nucloe chains twisted in double helix held by Hydrogen Bonds
- encodes hertitable info about how to protein synthesize
