memory 2.3, 2.4

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

learning that persists over time

Question 2

explicit/declarative memory

Answer 2

memories made by effortful processing (conscious awareness)

Question 3

episodic memory

Answer 3

type of explicit memory. memories of events

Question 4

semantic memories

Answer 4

type of explicit memory. general knowledge / facts

Question 5

implicit memory

Answer 5

made with automatic processing (without conscious awareness)

Question 6

procedural memory

Answer 6

muscle memory

Question 7

prospective memory

Answer 7

memory related to future actions

Question 8

long term potentiation

Answer 8

increase in neurotransmitter release by sending neuron / increase in receptors on receiving neuron

• neural basis for learning and memory

Question 9

working memory model

Answer 9

• central executive
• phonological loop
• visuospatial sketchpad

Question 10

working memory

Answer 10

conscious processing of auditory and visual-spatial info

+ retrieved info from long term memory

Question 11

central executive

Answer 11

coordinates focused processing. w/o focused attention, info fades

Question 12

phonological loop

Answer 12

holds auditory info in working memory

Question 13

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 13

info about objects, their appearance, and location in space

Question 14

multi-store model

Answer 14

1. sensory memory
2. working memory
3. long term memory

Question 15

sensory memory

Answer 15

smell, sight, sound, touch, taste
- max 4s

Question 16

iconic memory

Answer 16

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
- few 10ths of a second

Question 17

echoic memory

Answer 17

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

Question 18

short term memory

Answer 18

working memory
— max 20s
— 7 +- 2 chunks capacity

Question 19

long term memory

Answer 19

storage over extended periods of time, unlimited capacity

Question 20

automatic processing

Answer 20

processing (encoding) space, time, and frequency to long term memory unconsciously
- makes implicit memories

Question 21

effortful processing

Answer 21

putting in effort to consciously encode facts and experiences
- makes explicit memories

Question 22

encoding

Answer 22

“two track mind”
- getting info into the brain

Question 23

storage

Answer 23

retaining info

Question 24

retrieval

Answer 24

getting info from long term memory back out

Question 25

levels of processing model

Answer 25

single memory store: 3 levels shallowest to deepest 1. structural processing: visual and structural features 2. phonemic processing: phonetic or acoustic qualities 3. semantic processing: meaning ⭐️ ENCODING, NOT STORAGE

Question 26

mnemonic devices

Answer 26

memory aids. any learning technique that helps with retrieval or retention in human memory (effortful processing)

Question 27

method of loci

Answer 27

add vivid new details to memories of a familiar place

Question 28

chunking

Answer 28

organizing to manageable units

Question 29

categorization

Answer 29

sorting into groups based on shared traits or features

Question 30

hierarchy

Answer 30

complex info broken into broad concepts and subdivided into categories and subcategories

Question 31

spacing effect

Answer 31

rehearsing over time (distributed practice) rather than cramming (massed practice)

Question 32

memory consolidation

Answer 32

“moving files” storage process where memories migrate from the hippocampus to the cortex for storage

Question 33

serial position effect

Answer 33

tendency to remember the 1st and last item in a list

Question 34

primacy effect

Answer 34

remember items at the beginning of a list

Question 35

recency effect

Answer 35

remember items at the end of a list