science practices 0.1-0.3

Question 1

empirical evidence

Answer 1

info acquired by observation or experimentation.

• used to support or negate a hypothesis

Question 2

the scientific attitude (3 parts)

Answer 2

1. curiosity
2. skepticism
3. humility (accept when wrong)

Question 3

critical thinking

Answer 3

smart thinking. examines assumptions

• doesnt accept arguments and conclusions blindly

Question 4

hindsight bias

Answer 4

“i knew it all along” phenomenon

Question 5

misunderstanding probability

Answer 5

looking for order and patterns in random data

Question 6

overconfidence

Answer 6

thinking we know more than we actually do

Question 7

theory (the scientific method)

Answer 7

explains behavoirs or events by offering ideas that organize observations

• summarize and simplifies

Question 8

hypothesis (the scientific method)

Answer 8

testable predictions. specifies what results support or refute a theory

Question 9

falsifiability (of a hypothesis)

Answer 9

can it be proven false?

• a mark of the scientific strength of a hypothesis

Question 10

operational definitions (the scientific method)

Answer 10

measurable definitions of research procedures and concepts

Question 11

replicate (the scientific method)

Answer 11

others can replicate the og observations with different participants, materials and curcumstances

Question 12

case study strengths

Answer 12

— provides a full picture of what happened and when (chronological data)
— suggests directions for further study

Question 13

case study weaknesses

Answer 13

— time consuming
— often occurs after the fact (cant predict)
— may not be generalizable to the rest of society (atypical)

Question 14

naturalistic observation strengths

Answer 14

— authentic data: possibly allows for “real” treatment to result

Question 15

naturalistic observation weaknesses

Answer 15

— ethics of informed consent
— lack of control: observer doesnt know what they are watching
— results described, not explained

Question 16

survey strengths

Answer 16

— gather large amts of data quickly and easily
— good way to study sensitive topics

Question 17

survey weaknesses

Answer 17

— participants can lie/misunderstand questions
— wording effect
— social desirability bias
— self report bias

Question 18

wording effect

Answer 18

questions worded in a way that affects responses

Question 19

social desirability bias

Answer 19

answering in a way that will please the researcher

Question 20

self report bias

Answer 20

people don’t accurately report or remember behaviors

Question 21

random sampling / random selection (surveys)

Answer 21

picking individuals from the population such that each member has an equal chance of being chosen

Question 22

convenience sampling

Answer 22

collecting research from a group that is readily available (not necessarily representative)

Question 23

sampling bias

Answer 23

flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample (to generalize from a few vivid but unrepresentative cases)

Question 24

random sample / representative sample

Answer 24

each member of a population has an equal chance of inclusion
— unbiased and representative of the population

Question 25

cross sectional study

Answer 25

time dimension used to design a research study — compares diff groups — gathers data at ONE POINT IN TIME — snapshot in time, not the full history / picture

Question 26

longitudinal study

Answer 26

time dimension used to design a research study — follows one group — gathers data over a long time

Question 27

qualitative data gathering

Answer 27

structured interview

Question 28

quantitative data gathering

Answer 28

literal scale