Microbial pathogenesis

Question 1

Where does a pathogen enter?

Answer 1

Skin, natural openings, blood vessels

Question 2

Parentery route

Answer 2

Break in skin

Question 3

Examples of attachment

Answer 3

biofilms, fimbrae, spike proteins

Question 4

How does multiplication damage?

Answer 4

Takes up space, resources, can cause lysis

Question 5

What are the role of fimbrae, pilus, spike proteins, and sugars?

Answer 5

Attachment

Question 6

Bacteria uses this to spread and avoid immune system

Answer 6

Flagella

Question 7

Bacteria uses this to attach, colonize, damage, and avoid immune system

Answer 7

Biofilm

Question 8

Three bacterial methods of surviving phagocytosis

Answer 8

1. Inclusion bodies in phagolysosome
2. Prevents fusion with lysosome
3. Escape phagosome

Question 9

What pathogen produces toxins?

Answer 9

Bacteria

Question 10

LPS of dead gram neg cells

Answer 10

Endotoxin

Question 11

Secreted by bacteria into host to cause damage

Answer 11

Exotoxin

Question 12

Three horizontal genetic transfer methods

Answer 12

1. Transformation
2. Transduction
3. Conjugation

Question 13

Uptake of naked DNA, pieces of chromosome or plasmid of dead cell

Answer 13

Transformation

Question 14

Virus transfers piece of chromosome and injects it into new host cell

Answer 14

Transduction

Question 15

Direct contact of cells, pilus transfers plasmid DNA

Answer 15

Conjugation

Question 16

Examples of evolution of viruses

Answer 16

Antigenic shift, antigenic drift

Question 17

Where is antigenic drift more common

Answer 17

RNA due to no proof reading

Question 18

Gene replication where wrong base is added and not fixed in viruses

Answer 18

Antigenic drift

Question 19

Where does antigenic shift occur only?

Answer 19

Segmented genome viruses

Question 20

Two different strains of virus infect same host cell

Answer 20

Antigenic shift

Question 21

Same species with slight variation of genome

Answer 21

Strain

Question 22

Antigenic shift outcome

Answer 22

Mixing of segments from two strains

Question 23

Viral release stage could lyse cells, takes over function, or compromises

Answer 23

Cytopathic effect

Question 24

Does not stimulate immune response, but could if lytic

Answer 24

Latent virus

Question 25

Cancer generating viruses

Answer 25

Oncogenic virus

Question 26

Danger of oncogenic viruses (2)

Answer 26

1. Promote cell division 2. Prevents apoptosis

Question 27

Impact of promoted cell division from oncogenic viruses

Answer 27

Too many cells, could stop functioning for body

Question 28

Impact of prevented apoptosis from oncogenic viruses

Answer 28

Inactivated host proteins that promote apoptosis

Question 29

Two eukaryotic virulence factors

Answer 29

Antigenic variation and intracellular location

Question 30

Eukaryotes express different genes to hide from immune system

Answer 30

Antigenic variation

Question 31

Eukaryotes hide from immune system in host cells

Answer 31

Intracellular location

Question 32

Three causes of mutations

Answer 32

1. Cell division/DNA replication 2. Antigenic shift 3. Horizontal transfer

Question 33

Change in DNA/mRNA but no change in sequence

Answer 33

Silent

Question 34

Mutation where same amino acid is still coded for

Answer 34

Silent

Question 35

Change in DNA/mRNA that causes change in amino acid

Answer 35

Missense

Question 36

Change in DNA/mRNA that causes a stop codon

Answer 36

Nonsense

Question 37

One or more bases added or removed shift reading frame

Answer 37

Insertion/deletion

Question 38

Section of DNA is flipped to a different order of bases, different codons

Answer 38

Inversion