Bio 11 > Microscopy > Flashcards

Microscopy Flashcards

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1
Q

Who discovered viruses ad hiw

A

Dmitri Iwanowski found that juice from tobacco leaves were able to cause infections

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2
Q

What is the definition of a virus

A

Non-cellular particle made of genetic material and protein casing that can invade living cell

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3
Q

What are the 5 features shared by all viruses

A
  1. smaller than other bacteriae
  2. Do not grow
  3. No cytoplasm/enzyme
  4. Protein Coat (capsid)
  5. Nucleic acid
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4
Q

What are capsids

A

protein coat

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5
Q

Why do no common genes occur in all viruses?

A

They all have multiple different origins

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6
Q

What are the two components of a virus

A
  1. Core of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)
  2. Capsid to surround
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7
Q

What are capsomeres

A

Repeating protein subunits

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8
Q

what is a bacteriophage

A

a virus that infects bacteria

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9
Q

What are two examples of envelopped viruses

A

HIV and Corona

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10
Q

what is another word for non-envolopped viruses

A

Naked

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11
Q

What are 2 examples of non-envelopped viruses

A

bacteriophages and polio

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12
Q

what do glycoproteins do for viruses?

A

They help viruses enter host cells by binding to receptors on the host’s cell surface

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13
Q

What type of “living” is a virus?

A

Obligate intra-cellular parasites because they can only live if they have a host

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14
Q

What are the 5 general phases of viral infections

A
  1. Adsorption
  2. Penetration
  3. Replication
  4. Transcription
  5. Maturation
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15
Q

What is adsorption?

A

Attaching to a host cell

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16
Q

What do viruses transcribe?

A

Their mRNA and protein synthesis using host cell ribosomes

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17
Q

what are the 2 virus life cycles?

A
  1. Lytic
  2. Lysogenic
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18
Q

What is an example of a virus that can adopt either lytic or lysogenic cycles?

A

Bacteriophages again

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19
Q

What are the 3 main hypotheses for the evolution of viruses?

A
  1. Virus-first
  2. Progressive
  3. Regressive
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20
Q

What is the virus-first hypothesis about?

A

It essentially means that the theory believes that viruses came before/with its host cell

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21
Q

What is the escaped genes( progressive) hypothesis?

A

The hypothesis that viruses arose from genetic elements that gained the ability to move between cells

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22
Q

What is a transposon

A

A repetitive DNA sequencec that moves between eukaryotic chromosomes

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23
Q

What is the most supported virus evolution hypothesis?

A

Regressive hypothesis

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24
Q

What is the regressive hypothesis?

A

The hypothesis that virus slowly lost cell components during evolution because there is variation in viruses and bacteria

This suggests that viruses may have come from intraparasitic bacteria as they lost life functions

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25
What is an evolutionary rate?
The number of nucleotide substitutions per nucleotide site per year
26
Why do RNA viruses have higher mutation rates?
No proofreading
27
What are 2 examples of rapidly evolving viruses?
The flu and HIV
28
Is flu transmissible between species?
yes
29
Which virus has the highest mutation rate?
HIV
30
What is reverse transcriptase
an enzyme that makes proteins reverse the flow of genetic info, turning RNA into DNA
31
What are monerans?
Prokarotic bacteria
32
How big are most monerans?
1-10 micrometers
33
How do monerans divide?
binary fission
34
What is the name of the slime capsule encasing a moneran?
glycocalyx
35
What is the pilus of a moneran for?
sticking to stuff
36
What are the three shapes of cells and what are their names?
1. Bacillus (rod) 2. Coccus (sphere) 3. Spirilla (spiral)
37
Which shape of cell produces endospores and why?
Bacillus produces endospores to endure harsh conditions
38
When does a coccus cell go from non-pathogenic to pathogenic?
When they grow from two cells to clumps or clusters
39
What's special about the flagella of spirilla cells?
They possess bipolar tufts of flagella
40
What is an example of each cell shape?
1. B. Anthracis (bacillus) (anthrax) 2. Streptococcus (coccus) (strep throat) 3. Spirillum volutans (spirillum) (rat bite fever)
41
What is an example of two different autotrophic bactera?
1. cynobacteria (phototrophic) 2. Nitrosomona (chemotrophic) (Ammonia and oxygen)
42
what is an example of a chemotrophic heterotroph?
1. salmonella
43
What are the 3 respiration types in bacteria?
1. obligate aerobe 2. Obligate anaerobe 3. Facultative anaerobe
44
What type of respiration do most bacteria have?
Obligate aerobe
45
Where can you find obligate anaerobe bacteria?
Canned food
46
What is an example of a facultative anaerobe?
Staphylococcus
47
Why does the biological species concept not apply to asexual reproducing baceria?
They don't technically make "offspring"
48
Where do bacteriae get their diversity from?
1. mutations 2. hortizontal gene transfer
49
What are the 3 types of horizontal gene transfer?
1. transformation 2. transduction 3. conjugation
50
What is transformation gene transfer?
Naked, foreign DNA probably from another lysed bacteria
51
What is transduction gene transfer?
Bacteriophage infects cell and puts in some DNA to another bacterium
52
What is conjugation?
Direct physical mating bridge/tube to transfer plasmids
53
What species concept is better to use for bacteria and what does it say?
1. Evolutionary species concept 2. a species as a single lineage of populations that maintains its identity, distinct evolutionary tendencies, and historical fate separate from other lineages
54
Which 3 people invented the cell theory?
1. Theodor Schwann 2. Matthias Schleiden 3. Rudulph Virchow
55
What are the 6 aspects of cell theory?
1. All living things are made from cells 2. Cells are the basic building units of life 3. new cells are made from pre-existing cells 4. Herditary info is passed between cells during cell division 5. All cells have similar structural and chemical composition 6. energy flow occurs whitin cells
56
What are 5 atypical examples of the cell theory and why
1. skeletal muscle contains hundreds of nuclei and fuse together 2. Giant algae and unicellular with 1 nucleus but can grow up to 100mm 3. Aseptate fungi are uninterrrupted tubes with many nuclei 4. Red Bood Cells have no nucleus and cannot repair themselves 5. Phloem Sieve tubes have no nucleus
57
What is syncytium?
when cells fuse together in groups
58
What are hyphae?
branching strucutres that are not divided into sections
59
What is the red blood cell's only function?
carry oxygen
60
Which sieve tube in plants is bidirectional and which one is unidirectional?
Phloem-bi xylem-uni
61
Which system manages responses for internal stimuli?
nervous or endocrine
62
what is the response of an organism called for an external environment?
behaviour
63
What are the 8 characteristics of life?
1. homeostasis 2. metabolism 3. nutrition 4. excretion 5. growth and development 6. response 7. reproduction 8. movement
64
What are tissues?
layers/groups of similar cells that perform a common function
65
what are the 4 types of tissue?
1. epithelial 2. connective 3. muscular 4. nervous
66
what is histology?
study of tissue
67
What is considered an organ?
when two or more tissue types perform a specific function
68
what is a sytem?
various organs that have similar or related functions
69
What are the levels of biological organization from lowest to highest?
1. cells 2. tissues 3. organs 4. systems 5. organism
70
what does it mean for a multicelleluar organism to show emergent properties?
characteristics of a complex system that arise from the interaction of its individual parts, which the parts themselves do not possess
71
What did the hershey-chase experiment aim to find?
the true hereditary material, found using radioactive phosphorous that can only attach to genetic info's phosphate base
Bio 11
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