Bio 11 > Taxonomy > Flashcards

Taxonomy Flashcards

(59 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

What 2 things can natural classifications help in?

A

Identification of species
Allow prediction of characterisitcs shared by species within a group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why might taxonomists reclassify?

A

new evidence such as genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two advantages of biological classification systems?

A

Universal
names have meaning and groups share traits (biological meaning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When did the switch to binomial nomenclature happen?

A

1730’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who invented binomial nomenclature?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 4 species concepts?

A
  1. Morphological
  2. Biological
  3. Ecological
  4. Evolutionary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the morphological species concept?

A

Species are related because of body shape and structural features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the biological species concept and who coined it?

A

Ernst Mayr defines a species as a group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 4 issues of the biological species concept?

A
  1. Doesn’t apply to asexually reproducing organisms
  2. Doesn’t apply to extinct species
  3. Overemphasizes gene flow
  4. Downplays Natural selection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which species concept defines species in terms of ecological niches?

A

Ecological species concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the evolutionary species concept rely on?

A

Genetic data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which species concept emphasizes distinct evolutionary links between groups?

A

Evolutionary species concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 7 taxa? (Kevin Please Come Over For Gay Sex)

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, family, Genus, Species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is cytocrhome C’s importance?

A

It is a gene sequence available for many different organism because it helps reclassify organisms into 3 domains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A

Animalia
Fungi
Plantae
Protista
Monera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 4 aspects of Animalia?

A
  1. Multicellular
  2. Heterotophs
  3. Motile except for sea sponge
  4. Nervous system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 3 aspects of plantae?

A
  1. Multicellular
  2. Autotrophs (Some can also eat)
  3. Non-motile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 4 aspects of Fungi?

A

Multicellular
Decomposers or Saprophytes (feed on dead things)
Some parasites
non-motile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 3 aspects of protista?

A

Unicellular (Usually)
Hetero & autotrophs
Sometimes Motile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 4 aspects of Monera?

A

Prokaryote
Unicellular
htereo & autotroph
Sometimes motile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What two things did Carl Woese discover?

A
  1. Classification based on ribosomal RNA sequence
  2. 3 Major Domains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 3 Major Domains?

A
  1. Eubacteria
  2. Eukarya
  3. Archae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 4 aspects of eubacteria?

A

Circular genome, no histones
no introns (non-coding DNA/RNA)
Cells walls made from peptidoglycan
Live in “normal” environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What 2 things counts at eubacteria?

Study These Flashcards
A

bacteria
cyanobacteria (photosynthetic)

25
What are the 3 aspects of Eukarya?
Linear chromosomes & histones Introns Sometimes have cell walls but never peptidoglycan
26
What 4 things count as eukarya?
Animals Plants Fungi Protists
27
What are the 6 aspects of Archae
Circular genome & histones No introns Cell Wall but never peptidoglycan environment similar to priumeval earth Respire using S, CH4, halogens instead of oxygen Tolerate extreme PH, temperature and Salinity
28
What are Archae also known as?
Extremophiles
29
What 2 things do the 3 major domain acheive?
Distinguishing similarities based on shared ancestry instead of convergent evolution Usage of base or amino acid sequences rather than morphology
30
What is the method of classifying organisms based on cladograms called?
Cladistics
31
What are cladistics based on?
Observations of shared derived charactersitics (Synamorphies) that can bet trraced to a group's most recent common ancestor
32
What is a synamorphy?
Shared derived characteristics from a recent common ancestor
33
How are relationships shown in cladistics?
They are shown as evolutionary trees
34
What are principles are cladistics organized around
1. Inclusion of all descendants of 1 ancestor should be based on evolutionary relationships rather than appearance (Mammals and reptiles) 2. Organisms are related through evolutionary descent 3. Evolutionary modifications uniquely shared by organisms are evidence of unique phylogenetic history
35
What is a cladogram?
It is classification based on analysi of relatedness, showing evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.
36
What are the 2 important features of a cladogram?
1. Branch points in the tree to represent time at which they divide into two taxa 2. Degree of divergence between branches to represent the difference that have developed between two taxa since they diverged
37
What is a limitation of Cladograms?
1. it doesn't account for horizontal gene transfer in bacteria (Transfer of plasmids)
38
How do bacterial taxonomists bypass the limitation of cladograms?
The usage of phylo-morphological species concept
39
What is the phylo-morphological species concept?
The usage of ribosomal phylogenetic information and phenotypic characteristics
40
What is the correlation between the number of differnces in DNA and the time since they diverged?
more differences=more time
41
What is a clade?
A group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor (1 ancestor only)
42
what is a node?
A point at which 2 branches form, representing speciation events
43
What does a closer fork in the branch between 2 organisms mean?
closer relationship between 2 species
44
What is a terminal branch?
The indication of extant or extinct species, leads to terminal node
45
What is a terminal node?
The representation of hypotheticallast common ancestral interbreeding population of whatever taxon is laballed at a tip of a cladogram
46
What is the central trunk of a cladogram called? What doe it do?
1. Root 2. Indicates ancestor common to all groups that branch from it
47
Why might a cladogram have errors and how can it be avoided?
1. Cladograms are not based on mutations 2. Several different cladograms organized using different data avoids error
48
What is the parsimony?
A principle in science that states the the simplest explanation is always preferred, smallest number of character changes
49
What is phylogeny?
The evolutionary development & diversification of groups of organisms
50
Why are classification systems arbitrary?
Evolution is continuous & everchanging, it doesn't follow "rules" while classification is mostly fixed
51
What should classification mirror?
The evolutionary origins of species
52
Since an all organisms use DNA or RNA, what does that mean for conserved genes?
Conserved genes have similar functions
53
What 3 things do all organisms share?
1. Common mechanisms for DNa replication & protein synthesis 2. Universal with the same bases 3. Similar protein and metabolic pathways
54
What 3 things do scientists use to compare molecular sequences?
1. non-coding DNA 2. Gene sequences 3. Amino acid sequences
55
When should amino acids be used to compare?
Distantly related organisms because mutations accumulate slowly but there has to be a lot of time of this accumulation
56
When should one use base sequneces to compare?
WHen comparing closely related organisms becuase mutations can accumulate quickly even though there hasn't been much time
57
What is DNA barcoding?
The identification of species using short sections of DNA from specific genes (like cytochrome C!)
58
What type of genes are usually ued for DNA barcoding?
Genes that have less variation within species (intraspecific variation) than variation between species (Interspecific variation)
59
What 2 academics can DNA barcodes be applied to?
Ecology and conservation
Bio 11
flashcards
Decks in class (6)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions