MidtermStudyGuide_1 Flashcards by G Holland

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Beliefs that a person holds true

Values

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What are Values?

Beliefs that a person holds true

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A set of standards that define right from wrong

Morals

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What are Morals?

A set of standards that define right from wrong

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Universally held values that never change

Principles

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What are Principles?

Universally held values that never change

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A code of values which guides our choices, actions and determines the purpose and course of our lives

Ethics

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What are Ethics?

A code of values which guides our choices, actions and determines the purpose and course of our lives

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What are the (6) six Pillars of Character?

(1) - Trustworthiness
(2) - Respect
(3) - Responsibility
(4) - Justice & Fairness
(5) - Caring
(6) - Civic Virtue & Citizenship

TRR JF C CVC

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Honesty, integrity, promise keeping, loyalty, avoidance of stealing, cheating - Are Characteristics of which of the 6 pillars of Character?

Trustworthiness

1/6 Pillars of Character

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Letting someone know they are important and worth simply because they are human beings

Respect

2/6 Pillars of Character

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Accountability in the Six Pillars of Character?

Responsibility

3/6 Pillars of Character

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Concerned with actions, processes and consequences that are morally right, honorable and equitable

Justice and Fairness

4/6 Pillars of Character

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Concern for others, compassion, empathy, kindness, charity

Caring

5/6 Pillars of Character

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The duties, rights, conduct and responsibilities of a citizen. Respecting authority and the law, beyond my own self-interest

Civic Virtue & Citizenship

6/6 Pillars of Character

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The Domestic Violence offender gun ban often called ____ ________ _______.

The Lautenberg Amendment

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A gun ban for individuals convicted of a misdemeanor crime of Domestic Violence - refers to?

The Lautenberg Amendment

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What is The Lautenberg Amendment?

A domestic violence offender gun ban.

A gun ban for individuals convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence.

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What are the (4) Four parts of Intemperance?

(1) - Anger
(2) - Lust
(3) - Greed
(4) - Peer Pressure

ALG PP

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What Is Type 1 Decision Making

These decision are instant and automatic. They require very little thought and are based on experience and prolonged practice

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What is Type 2 Decision Making

These decision are thoughtful and deliberate. They require considerable thought and consideration before a decision can be made

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A seizure occurs when?

LE intentionally terminates a free citizen’s movement
Includes intentional application of physical force
Even if person does not submit, or
Is not subdued

Examples- traffic stops, arrests, investigative
detentions

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Ready to take place, happening soon, menacing

Imminent Threat

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Present, at once, happening now

Immediate Threat

Present, at once, happening now

Imminent Threat

Ready to take place, happening soon, menacing

Failure to provide CPR may show?

Deliberate Indifference

This makes it illegal to ship, receive, or posses firearms or ammunition affecting interstate commerce

The Lautenberg Amendment (1968)

Why is the Lautenberg Amendment controversial? Give (2) Two Specific Examples

(1) - Bans guns for life under misdemeanor conviction, which is normally reserved for felony convictions (2) - Does not provide an exemption for law enforcement or military personal

Corruption - Officers can develop _____ __________ that lead to poor judgement

Poor Habits

Case Law - What are the (3) Three prongs of Graham v. Connor?

(1) the severity of the crime at issue (2) whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of officers or others, and (3) whether the suspect is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight, judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer at the scene.

Report Writing - What are the Key Elements of a police report?

Who What When Why How Action Taken

Health & Nutrition - __________ disease is ___ times greater in Law Enforcement

CARDIOVASCULAR disease is 25 times greater in Law Enforcement

Good way to remember when to Mirandize someone (OIC)

Officer Interrogation Custody

Any ______ OR express _______ about the crime being investigated. - Interrogation

Direct / Questioning

Miranda rights are ____________ to the suspect and may not be vicariously asserted or invoked by ________________ other than the suspect, such as an ________________. In other words, ___________ the suspect may assert her right to silence and/or counsel under Miranda and, even then, only if she is in “custody” and being, or about to be “interrogated” by a “government actor.”

Personal. Anyone, Attorney, ONLY Suspect MUST be the one to invoke these rights in Idaho

True / False - We treat Juveniles the same way we treat adults.

True However we do take age into consideration. Knowing and intelligent. They can waive their rights without a parent present.

True / False - Juveniles can waive their miranda Rights?

True Age and intelligence. Parent may invoke right to counsel for the juvenile

True / False - Juveniles parents can invoke the right to counsel

True

True / False - Juveniles parents can invoke the right to silence?

False No they can not. Only can invoke right to counsel.

When does 5th Amendment rghts apply?

Custody

The 6th Amendment right to counsel attaches to (2) Specific things?

(1)- When a compliant has been filed (2) - When the defendant is indicted by grand jury

Does the 5th Amendment right to counsel apply to police initiated questioning about any crime?

Yes ANY crime

What is the “Trifecta” in terms of what is needed for Miranda Advisements to be applied?

OIC O = Officer (Government Actor) I = Interrogation C= Custody

What is the (7) Step Legal Process

(1) - Seizure (2) - Interrogation (3) - Search (4) - Arrest / Citation Decision (5) - Report Writing (6) - Testifying Court (7) - Other Considerations

What are (3) Types of Officer Citizen Encounters??

(1) - Voluntary / Consensual (2) - Temporary Detention (3) - Arrest

True / False - “Probable Cause” is considered to be a “fair probability” that a suspect has committed a crime

True

If an officer shows “Authority” in any way and uses “force” in anyway on a person are they detained?

Yes

(2) Reasons you “run” someone's drivers license on a traffic stop?

(1) Drivers License Status (Suspended or valid) (2) Warrant Check

What case from 1914 introduced the “Exclusionary Rule”?

Weeks v. U.S. (1914)

The case of Weeks v. U.S. introduced what rule?

The Exclusionary Rule To deter police misconduct

What case introduced "Fruit of the poisonous tree" doctrine?

Silvethorne Lumber Co. v. U.S. (1920)

_________________________________ _______ (1969) which created the to a _______________ __________________ _____________________ _______________ exception. The Court held when police officers arrest a person at home, they cannot search the entire home without a warrant, but they may search the area within the immediate reach of the person.

Chimel v. California (1969) Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest

Exceptions to the poisonous tree doctrine (3)

(1) - Independent Source doctrine (2) - Inevitable discovery doctrine (3) “Good Faith” #3 - is NOT applicable in Idaho

(6) Factors that Indicate a “Seizure” has occurred

(1) - Lights (2) - Weapons (3) - Force (4) Number of Officers (5) Verbal / Non-Verbal Language (6) Blocking Exits / Pathways

True / False - Open Fields doctrine is exempt from the warrant requirement

True

True / False - Open Air Doctrine is an exemption to the warrant requirement

True

True / False - Abandoned property does not have a reasonable expectation of privacy and therefore an exemption to the warrant requirement

True

True / False - Garbage left in a hotel room garbage can does not have a reasonable expectation of privacy and therefore an exemption to the warrant requirement

True

The scope of the search is often referred to as the _______________________ ____________________. It is defined as the area from which a suspect could ____________________ to __________________ A __________________ or _____________ _______________ .

Lunge Area Reach to Grab Weapon or Destroy Evidence

Upon lawful arrest, what is the officer allowed to do that keeps them safe & preserves evidence?

Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest The Lunge Area

What is a “Carol” Search?

A Vehicle Search Glove box = Yes Trunk = No Carol then Belton case

If you find something in the glove box, incident to arrest, can you now search the trunk?

Yes Probable Cause now

What do you need to make vehicle occupants leave their bags or stuff in the car?

Probable Cause Reasonable Suspicion- they can take bags and their stuff

The stop and detention of a suspect is justified if the officer has ___________ ____________ based on specific and articulable facts, that the suspect has been, is, or is about to be engaged in criminal activity. The officer must base the stop on more than, mere speculation, inarticulable hunches or instinct.

Reasonable Suspicion

Criteria for Plain View (3)

(1) - The officer has lawful access to the location where the object is seen; and (2) - Has lawful right of access to the object itself; and (3) - Incriminating character of the object is immediately apparent (requires probable cause to believe the object is evidence of criminal activity).

If you identify something as a weapon or contraband during a plain feel / Terry Frisk can you pull it out?

Yes to confirm or dispel your reasonable suspicion cannot manipulate it

Exigent Circumstances (5)

(1) - Hot pursuit of a person fleeing scene of a felony; (2) - When a lawful arrest for a felony is initiated in a public place and the suspect flees into a residence to avoid the arrest; (3) - Hot pursuit of a misdemeanant if the circumstances show possible escape, destruction of evidence, imminent harm to others or the officer; (4) - Immediate danger to persons or property; and (5) - Imminent destruction of evidence (jailable offense).

What is the statute of limitations on “Felonies” in Idaho

5 years

What is the statute of limitations on “Misdemeanors” in Idaho

1 year and a day

Warrant Exceptions ****

Community Care Taking Vehicle Inventory Probation parole Terry Stop Consent Incident to arrest Vehicle

Burden of proof for Arrest

Probable Cause

Which Amendment states: “…Shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."

4th Amendment

Difference “Probation" and “Parole"

Parole = out early from prison (Board Warrant) Probation = haven't been to prison yet (Agent Warrants)

What punishment is there for a “Misdemeanor”?

Fine / Penalty or Jail time

When can you serve more than 1 year in jail for a Misdemeanor?

Consecutive Sentences

Is an “Infraction” a crime?

No It is a civil public offense. Requires “beyond a reasonable doubt"

(5) Elements of a Crime

(1) - Name (identity) (2) - Date (3) - Location (4) - Act (18-114) (5) - Intent (18-101 & 18-115)

(3) Elements to “Conspiracy” under Idaho Code 18-1701?

(1) - Two or more people (2) - Agree to Commit (3) - Overt Act by One of the people

What is “Grand Theft” in Idaho?

Anything stolen over $1,000

What are the (3) ways to commit a battery

(1) - Willful (2) - Actual (3) - Unlawfully

Jack punches Jill in the stomach aWer she laughs at him for falling down. Jack doesn’t know Jill is pregnant and the fetus is harmed. - is this "battery" or "Aggravated Battery"

Aggravated Battery Even if he doesn't know she is pregnant

When does “Domestic Violence” become a felony?

18-918 (b) “Traumatic injury” means a condition of the body, such as a wound or external or internal injury, whether of a minor or serious nature, caused by physical force (2)(a) Any household member who in committing a battery, as defined in section 18-903, Idaho Code, inflicts a traumatic injury upon any other household member is guilty of a felony need PC

Unlawful killing of a human being

Murder

Human killing another Human

Homicide

(3) Kinds of Manslaughter

(1) - Voluntary (2) - Involuntary (3) - Vehicular Manslaughter is without Malice and without forethought

(4) Different types of Courts in Idaho

(1) Idaho Supreme Court (2) Idaho Court of Appeals (3) District Court (4) Magistrate Court

Do “Infractions” and “Misdemeanors” have Preliminary Hearings?

No Only Felonies do

What Burden of Proof is required for Grand Jury’s?

Probable Cause

What Burden of Proof is needed for a Preliminary Hearing?

Probable Cause ***Test Item

“Indictment” means that it came from where?

A Grand Jury *** Test Item

Who decides Probable Cause for an indictment?

The Grand Jury

What is the purpose of a Preliminary hearing?

To establish probable cause if not - dismissed

What court in Idaho handles civil disputes over $10,000?

District Courts

What court in Idaho handles appeals from the Magistrate Court?

District Courts

What court in Idaho has 4 Judges?

Idaho Court of Appeals

What court in Idaho has 5 total judges?

Idaho Supreme Court

What court in Idaho handles appeals from District Court?

Idaho Supreme Court

What court in Idaho is the final court of appeal?

Idaho Supreme Court

What court in Idaho makes decisions based off a 3 judge panel?

Idaho Court of Appeals

What court in Idaho handles appeals from the Magistrate Court?

District Court

What court in Idaho handles Infraction cases?

Magistrate Courts

What court in Idaho handles Misdemeanors?

Magistrate Courts

What court Idaho handles Juveniles?

Magistrate Courts

What court in Idaho handles bail hearings?

Magistrate Courts

What court in Idaho Handles preliminary hearings for Felony cases?

Magistrate Courts

What Court in Idaho handles civil cases under $10,000?

Magistrate Courts

What court in Idaho handles family law cases?

Magistrate Courts

What Court in Idaho handles small claims under $5,000?

Magistrate Courts

Is there a Jury at a bench trial?

No Judge makes the decisions on the case

At a Bench Trial who decides the case?

The Judge No Jury

Is there a jury trial with infractions?

Infractions are a ______ trial

Bench

Who decides the facts in a bench trial?

The Judge

At a Jury trial who decides the LAW?

The Judge

What is the Burden of Proof at a Civil Trial

a Preponderance of Evidence

At a jury trial who decides the FACTS?

The Jury Decides the Facts

How many Jurors in a "Misdemeanor" case?

6 7 Sometimes (death, sickness etc.) All hear the case and alternates go home at deliberations

How many Jurors in a "Felony" case?

12 13 or 14 - with alternates (death, sickness) All hear the case and alternates go home at deliberations

Evidence means _____________ ?

Proof

Evidence is the means by which a factual matter is ___________ or __________ a fact in a case.

Prove OR Disprove

What are the (3) Types of Evidence an officer may use later in court?

(1) - Tangible (Real/Physical) (2) - Testimonial (3) - Demonstrative

What must all evidence be?

Admissible Relavent does not mean Admissable

Evidence is the means by which factual matter is _________ or _______ .

Proven OR Disproven

What (3) things MUST you have to determine if Evidence is Admissibility in court?

MUST HAVE ALL 3!!!! (1) - Relevant (2) - Competent (3) - Legally Obtained

What is “Circumstantial Evidence"

Evidence that is not DIRECT, but demonstrates: Intent Opportunity Knowledge or Plan On the part of the Suspect It depends on other facts to prove something

What is “Direct Evidence”?

Evidence that proves or disproves a fact This evidence proves itself

What did the case Pennsylvania v. Mimms establish?

Officers CAN lawfully order a person out of a vehicle during a traffic stop without violating 4th Amendment

Obvious Evidence

Direct Evidence

Less Obvious Evidence

Circumstantial Evidence

Direct v. Circumstantial Evidence on a wet park bench

Direct - seeing him sit on wet bench Circumstantial - Wet paint smudged on bench needs wet paint on persons clothing to prove they sat on it

The process of establishing or showing facts that verify the existence of another fact - means?

Corroboration

Do you have to “Authenticate” all evidence?

Yes

Who can ask “leading Questions”?

The Defense

Hearsay statements are _____ admissible except as provided by the rules of evidence

NOT Unless there is an exception to the rule

True / False - Hearsay is allowed in affidavits?

True Hearsay is allowed in affidavits

Non-Hearsay statements are (2)

(1) - A prior statement by a witness testifying in court; and (2) - An admission by a party opponent (defendant).

Trespassing example

Infraction - there and they are not supposed to be (employees only / backyard ) Misdemeanor - if they remain after being asked to leave Cops show up - after he is off property, citizens arrest only b/c crime not committed in presence

What is the difference between “Cover” and Concealment"

Cover = Items that will stop bullets. Items that may stop or deflect an oppenants weapons Concealment = something that prevents opponents from observing the officer - IT DOES NOT STOP BULLETS

What is the proper cadence for Radio Communications?

Sets of 3 (abc, 123, def, 789) Exceptions are - Phone Numbers, SSN’s and license plates as they read

What is Medical Miranda?

Age Sex Level of Consciousness / Breathing Chief Compliant Bleeding? Responders Hot / Cold

Appropriate Use of Deescalation

Ask - request compliance / persuade Explain - Legal Purpose Provide Options Confirm Non-Compliance Take Action / Disengage

Emotionally Charged Situations

Grief / Anger Panic Suicide Crisis Substance abuse Threatening Suicide

Intimate Zone

6” - 12"

Personal Zone

12” - 24"

Social Zone

24” - 48'

Public Zone

48” +

Law Enforcement Zone

48’ - 72"

70% of the message

we send is involuntary and NON-Vebral When a consequence looms, it is almost impossible to control for most people

In order to charge someone with a crime, you must have what burden of proof?

Probable Cause

Any person who directly or indirectly threatens or intimidates a witness has committed what level of crime? (Civil? Criminal?)

Criminal - felony Civil - misdemeanor

In civil disputes, what happens with disputed property?

it is not to be removed from the house

What kind of information MUST be on a warrant?

Signed by JUDGE Defendants NAME OFFENSE committed COMMAND to appear before court BAIL or no bond

When does Plain View apply?

Lawfully able to be there Needs to be in plain view Needs to be apparent immediately what it is

What is Malicious Harassment?

"maliciously and with the specific intent to intimidate or harass another person because of that person's race, color, religion, ancestry, or national origin, to: (a) Cause physical injury to another person; or (b) Damage, destroy, or deface any real or personal property of another person; or (c) Threaten, by word or act"

(PROXEMICS) What is personal distance?

12 - 14 inches

(PROXEMICS) What is intimate distance?

6 - 12 inches

(PROXEMICS) What is the social distance?

24 - 48 inches

(PROXEMICS) What is the public distance?

48 inches or more

What are the three main objectives of criminal investigations?

Gather Evidence Identify Suspects Solve Crimes

Describe the significance of evidence gathering in the context of criminal investigations.

Evidence gathering is crucial as it helps establish the facts of the case and supports the prosecution of offenders

(Mental Illness) - (5) Types of Mental Illness Disorders

(1) Mood Disorders (2) Psychotic Disorders (3) Drug Induced Psychosis (4) Anxiety Disorders (5) Personality Disorders

(Mental Illness) Percentage of efforts at communication that are misunderstood, rejected or unheard

70%

(Mental Illness) Percentage of communication that is “Tone & Volume”

38%

(Mental Illness) Percentage of communication that is “Verbal"

(Mental Illness) Percentage of communication that is “Body Language"

55%

(Mental Illness) True / False - During crisis communication body language is important

True Accounts for about 55% of communication

(Mental Illness) Accounts for about 55% of communication during a crisis

Body language

(Mental Illness) What are (6) Communication Recommendations

(1) Limit Input (2) Slow Down (3) Reduce Distractions (4) Use Short Sentences (5) Simple Language (6) Repeat Yourself

(Mental Illness) Refers to the ability to understand another’s concerns and feelings

Empathetic Understanding

(Mental Illness) True / False - Do not argue with their reality

True

(Mental Illness) Is not sympathy

Empathetic Understanding

(Mental Illness) What are (2) Skills required for “Empathetic Understanding"

(1) Restatement (2) Reflection

(Mental Illness) Empathetic Understanding means avoiding these types of questions

Why Questions

(Mental Illness) Empathetic Understanding means using open ended questions that start with (3)

(1) What (2) How (3) When Encourage the person to tell us more

(Officer Safety/Survival) An officers Attitude & Mindset means having ________ _________ that will allow the officer to do what (3) Things

Proper Alertness will allow officer to: (1) Operate at the proper level of awareness relative to the degree of readiness needed (2) Be able to detect early warning signs of a risk of a threat (3) Manage to adjust to a higher level of alertness and appropriately act

(Officer Safety/Survival) What are “The Colors of Awareness"

(1) White (2) Yellow (3) Orange (4) Red (5) Black

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Environmentally Unaware or Oblivious to what is happening around them

Condition White

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Caused by daydreaming, fatigue, preoccupation

Condition White

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” Assuming that there is no possibility of trouble, therefore no sense of readiness

Condition White

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - No sense of readiness

Condition White

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - NEVER be in this state while on duty or at work

Condition White

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Alert, but not ready to act

Condition Yellow

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Aware of surroundings

Condition Yellow

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Not Expecting a hostile act

Condition Yellow

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - State of warning

Condition Yellow

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - State of Alarm

Condition Orange

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Ready to act

Condition Orange

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Officer detects danger

Condition Orange

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Tactical plan in mind/crisis rehearsal

Condition Orange

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Threat Identification

Condition Orange

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Taking Action

Condition Red

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - What looks wrong is wrong

Condition Red

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Instance reaction is mandatory

Condition Red

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Focus on the threat and acts to control it with reasonableness

Condition Red

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Officer must make rational decisions based on the situation

Condition Red

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Blind Panic

Condition Black

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Officer has lost control for their thought process

Condition Black

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Tunnel Vision

Condition Black

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Slowed Response

Condition Black

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Officer may be in a frozen state

Condition Black

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Condition Black (5)

(1) Blind Panic (2) Officer has lost control of their thought processes (3) Tunnel Vision (4) Slowed Responses (5) Officer may be in a Frozen State

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Condition Red (5)

(1) Taking Action (2) What looks wrong is wrong (3) Instance reaction is mandatory (4) Focus on the threat and acts to control it with reasonableness (5) Officer must make rational decisions based on the situation

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Condition Orange (5)

(1) State of Alarm (2) Ready to act (3) Officer detects danger (4) Tactical Plan in mind/crisis rehearsal (5) Threat Identification

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Condition Yellow (5)

(1) Alert, but not ready to act (2) Aware of surroundings (3) Aware that there may be a potential threat (4) Not expecting a hostile act (5) State of warning

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - Condition White (5)

(1) Environmentally Unaware or Oblivious to what is happening around them (2) Cause by daydreaming, fatigues, preoccupation (3) Assuming that there is no possibility of trouble (4) No sense of readiness (5) NEVER be in this state at work

(Officer Safety/Survival) - “The Colors of Awareness” - What is the "OODA Loop"

Observe Orient Decide Act

(Officer Safety/Survival) - Space and distance between officer and anyone else that buys the officer time.

Reactionary Gap

(Officer Safety/Survival) Used when trying to control subjects

Reactionary Gap

(Officer Safety/Survival) What are the (3) Vital Areas of the “Reactionary Gap"

(1) Space (2) Time (3) Distance

(Officer Safety/Survival) Defined as the area between the officers and anyone else (not just the suspect). This area surrounds the officers in all directions. Officers must control this, as it is their circle of life or death.

Space - First Vital Area of the “Reactionary Gap"

(Officer Safety/Survival) Officers must control this, as it is their circle of life or death

Space - First Vital Area of the “Reactionary Gap"

(Officer Safety/Survival) This area surrounds the officers in all directions

Space - First Vital Area of the “Reactionary Gap"

(Officer Safety/Survival) Officers need to understand that this area also surrounds subjects and movement should be done in a manner that works to the officers advantage

Space - First Vital Area of the “Reactionary Gap"

(Officer Safety/Survival) Measurement that officers operate within and must react to stimulus and cues in given situations

Time - Second Vital Area of the “Reactionary Gap"

(Officer Safety/Survival) This allows for observations in situations where reactions happen

Time - Second Vital Area of the “Reactionary Gap"

(Officer Safety/Survival) Where reactions are measured in seconds or in fractions of a second

Time - Second Vital Area of the “Reactionary Gap"

(Officer Safety/Survival) How far officers are from anyone at any given time in any given circumstances

Distance - Third Vital Area of the “Reactionary Gap"

(Officer Safety/Survival) The greater the _________ from the subject(s), the more _______ officers have to react

Distance / Time

(Officer Safety/Survival) Distance = ________

Time

(Officer Safety/Survival) Generally what is the “Reactionary Gap” in distance?

4 to 6 ft

(Officer Safety/Survival) What is the minimum safe distance to a subject with an edged weapon in terms of the “Reactionary Gap"

30 to 35 ft

(Officer Safety/Survival) A suspect armed with a knife can close the distance of 30 to 35 feet in how quickly?

Within 2 seconds

(Officer Safety/Survival) What is the “Golden Rule” of the “Reactionary Gap"

That SPACE, TIME and DISTANCE must be controlled by the officer

(Officer Safety/Survival) What does the “Golden Rule” of the “Reactionary Gap” do for the officer?

Increases their chances of winning It means SPACE, TIME and DISTANCE must be controlled by the officer If they give up control, then the suspects can take advanatge

(Officer Safety/Survival) The first minute after arrival are the ____________ to peace officers

Deadliest

(Officer Safety/Survival) The (3) Major Areas identified by “Below 100” for officer safety

(1) Ballistic Vests (2) Seatbelts (3) Speed

(Officer Safety/Survival) For Contact & Cover, ___% should focus on the contact and ___% should be on everything else

80% / 20%

(Officer Safety/Survival) For Contact & Cover, a good stance is _________ away from the subject(s), with hands _______ waist level, at an __________ angle

4 to 6 ft away Hands above the waits at an Oblique Angle

(Officer Safety/Survival) When entering a house or apartment, the doorway area is commonly referred to as the ______ _________

Fatal Funnel

(Officer Safety/Survival) The ______ _________ is the dangerous area where an officer silhouetted against his own entry point from the perspective of people inside the room

Fatal Funnel

(Officer Safety/Survival) Defined as a tactical choke point in law enforcement

Fatal Funnel

(Officer Safety/Survival) What are the (3) common elements when discussing the “Deadly Mix"

(1) The Officer (2) The Circumstances (3) The Offender

(Balancing Bias) What is an “in-Group"

Those whom we believe posses characteristics similar to us

(Balancing Bias) Those whom we believe posses characteristics similar to us are considered to be?

In-group

(Balancing Bias) What is an “Out-Group"

Those whom we believe to be dissimilar to us

(Balancing Bias) Those whom we believe to be dissimilar to us

out-Group

(Balancing Bias) a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one’s own race is superior and has the right to rule others

Racism

(Balancing Bias) What are the (4) Types of Racism

(1) Individual (2) Interpersonal (3) Institutional (4) Structural

(Balancing Bias) Type of Racism that is internalized, unexpressed biases and prejudices based on race

Individual Racism

(Balancing Bias) Type of Racism that occurs between individuals, includes public expressions of racial prejudice and hate made by individuals

Interpersonal Racism

(Balancing Bias) Type of Racism that occurs within and between institutions, Race based discriminatory policies and treatment that are produced and perpetuated by institutions (e.g., schools, mass media, governments, banks) that result in inequitable opportunities and impacts.

Institutional Racism

(Balancing Bias) Type of Racism that refers to the collective way history, culture and institutions reinforce and perpetuate racicalized outcomes , even in the absence of racist intent

Structural Racism

(Balancing Bias) Type of Racism that is broadly encompassing, it touches all aspects of society (history, politics, economics) and is the foundation from which other types of racism emerge

Structural Racism

(Balancing Bias) Type of Racism where indicators include power inequalities, unequal access to opportunities and differing policy outcomes by race, whether or not intentional

Structural Racism

(Balancing Bias) The treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor or against a person or thing based on the group, class or category to which the person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit

Discrimination - Defined

(Balancing Bias) The treatment can be based on race, but can also be based on other differences between people (gender, age, religion, sexual orientation)

Discrimination - Defined

(Balancing Bias) Frequently talked about in association with hiring, promoting, assignmets, compensation, but can include other types of opportunities as well (joining clubs)

Discrimination - Defined

(Balancing Bias) What are the (3) Components of Bias

(1) Stereotypes (2) Prejudices (3) Attitudes

(Balancing Bias) Generalizations about the perceived “typical” characteristics of a social category

Stereotypes

(Balancing Bias) They do not necessarily have to have a negative connotation, as social scientists point out that it is just a way for our brain to quickly sort people into recognizable groups

Stereotypes

(Balancing Bias) An often-negative prejudgment based on characteristics such as race, age, etc. that is not necessarily reasonable or logical

Prejudice

(Balancing Bias) Positive or negative feelings associated with individuals or groups; the tendency to like or dislike, or to act favorably or unfavorably, toward someone or something

Attitudes

(Balancing Bias) Biased-based profiling, racial profiling, and illegal profiling have the _______ ________ and are used interchangeably

Same Meaning

(Balancing Bias) This is described as unequal treatment by a law enforcement officer of any person by stopping, questioning, searching, detaining, or arresting them on the basis of their ethnic or racial characteristics, gender, religion or sexual orientation

Biased-Based Profiling

(Balancing Bias) What is the difference between "Criminal Profiling” and "Bias-Based Profiling"

Criminal Profiling - is based on observed behaviors and characteristics Bias-Based Profiling - when factors such as race or ethnicity are initiating factors for law enforcement intervention

(Balancing Bias) The facotrs of race/ethnicity and bias towards that race are initating facotrs for law enforcement

Bias-Based Profiling

(Balancing Bias) Based on observations, behaviors and characteristics

Criminal Profiling

(Balancing Bias) When the investigative outcome is based on facts and knowledge, not personal attributes or societal biases

Investigative Profiling

(Balancing Bias) Most of this type of activity occurs AFTER the criminal events, not before or during.

Investigative Profiling

(Balancing Bias) What are the (2) Types of Bias

(1) Explicit Bias (2) Implicit Bias

(Balancing Bias) Conscious preference (positive or negative) for a socail category is what type of Bias?

Explicit Bias

(Balancing Bias) Preference (positive or negative) for a social category based on stereotypes or attitudes that we hold and tend to develop early in life and that operate outside of our awareness

Implicit Bias

(Balancing Bias) Type of Bias that is largely hidden from us, but their effects are pervasive and powerful

Implicit Bias

(Balancing Bias) Type of Bias that has the potential to impact out interactions and efforts to effectively use procedural justice tactics to promote police legitimacy

Implicit Bias

(Balancing Bias) When it comes to Bias what are the (2) Mods of thinking

(1) Deliberative Thinking (2) Automatic Thinking

(Balancing Bias) this type of thinking is conscious, effortful, controlled and slower

Deliberative Thinking

(Balancing Bias) This type of thinking is unconscious, effortless, uses associative memory and happens very fast

Automatic Thinking

(Balancing Bias) In terms of Deliberative and Automatic thinking what are (2) Examples of “Association"

(1) Stereotypes of gender and science or careers (2) Attitudes of race, age, sexuality, disability or weight

(Balancing Bias) This type of Bias does not make you a “Bad” person - they are the result of normal human processes occurring at an unconscious level

Implicit Bias

(Cultural Diversity) a class or kind of people unified by shared interests, habits or characteristics

Race - Defined

(Cultural Diversity) Of or relating to large groups of people classed according to common rcial, national, tribal, religous, linguistic or cultural origin or background

Ethnic Group - Defined

(Cultural Diversity) A way of life of a group of people – the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by commutation and imitation from one generation to the next.

Culture - Defined

(Cultural Diversity) A distinctive group, within a larger social or ethnic group, which share many of the values, beliefs, and behaviors of that larger group; but who also incorporate many patterns which are special and distinctive to themselves

Sub-Culture - Defined

(Cultural Diversity) A standardized mental picture that is held in common by members of a group and that represents an oversimplified opinion, prejudiced attitude, or uncritical judgement

Stereotype - Defined

(Cultural Diversity) An irrational attitude or hostility directed against an individual, a group, a race, or their supposed characteristics

Prejudice - Defined

(Cultural Diversity) The unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age or sexual orientation

Discrimination - Defined

(Cultural Diversity) defined as something, or some ideal, we find to be important or valuable

Value - Defined

(Cultural Diversity) defined as a set of values we believe to be true, which influences how we act in the word and react to it

Belief - Defined

(Cultural Diversity) defined as a generally unwritten rule or code of behavior, which is agreed upon or followed by a group of people

Norm - Defined

(Mental Illness) True / False – “Empathetic Understand” means having sympathy

False

MidtermStudyGuide_1 Flashcards

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