Migration Pack A

Question 1

How is mechanised agriculture a push factor of RU migration?

Answer 1

• Leads to fewer jobs in rural areas
• Harvester, seed planter and fertiliser/pesticide sprayer can do the work of many farmhands

Question 2

What are examples of mechanised agriculture in the Philippines?

Answer 2

• Rice planters
• Machines cut sugar cane

Question 3

What is land grabbing?

Answer 3

Large scale acquisition of land, often by foreign investors, governments or corporations, typically for commercial purposes like agriculture, mining or real estate

Question 4

How are land grabs by MNCs a push factor of RU migration?

Answer 4

• Considered harmful and unjust when it occurs at the expense of local communities
• Lose land through force, intimidation or misinformation
• Left dispossessed and vulnerable
• Displacement of indigenous people as their lack of literacy and education prevents them defending their rights
• Move to urban areas

Question 5

What is an example of land grabbing in the Philippines?

Answer 5

• APECO took land in Casiguran
• Built housing, airstrip, port and resort to form an economic zone
• 28 families displaced by the airstrip
• Received insufficient compensation
• Concreate caused flooding of padding fields
• Provided short-term jobs in construction

Question 6

How are natural hazards a push factor of RU migration?

Answer 6

• Destroy livelihoods and force people to relocate
• By making rural areas uninhabitable
• Damage homes, crops and infrastructure
• Cause food and water shortages and make impossible to earn living from agriculture
• Events are becoming more frequent due to climate change

Question 7

What is an example of a natural hazard in the Philippines?

Answer 7

• Typhoon Haiyan 2013
• Super typhoon was over 5 on the Saffir-Simpson scale
• Brought rain, wind and storm surge

Question 8

How is conflict a push factor of RU migration?

Answer 8

• Directly pushes people away through violence
• Indirectly by worsening conditions (e.g. food insecurity and poverty)
• Combined with climate change, lack of opportunity and political instability
• People move in search of safety, better resources and economic opportunities

Question 9

What is an example of conflict in the Philippines?

Answer 9

• Mindanao Island
• 50,000 died over 50 years of conflict
• Philippines was initially colonised by the Spanish leading to Catholicism
• In SE Asia so Islam roots

Question 10

Why are TNCs a pull factor of RU migration?

Answer 10

• Global shift has meant deindustrialisation in HICs and manufacturing in EEs
• TNCs now exist across many LICs and EEs

Question 11

How are global supply chains a pull factor of RU migration?

Answer 11

• Many countries around world now make components which are assembled in other countries to make products
• Create jobs

Question 12

What are EPZs and SEZs?

Answer 12

• Export processing zones
• Special economic zones
• Industrial areas with favourable conditions created to attract foreign MNCs

Question 13

How are EPZs a pull factor of RU migration?

Answer 13

• Incentives include tax breaks, good infrastructure, lower electricity/water rates, few worker rights
• Leads to investment in EPZs to create jobs

Question 14

What is an example of an EPZ in the Philippines?

Answer 14

Bataan

Question 15

What are the stats on Chinese EPZs?

Answer 15

• 50% of China’s GDP in 1990s was created in SEZs
• All coastal SEZs

Question 16

How is offshoring a pull factor for rural urban migration?

Answer 16

• A company moves some of its business overseas with the intention of reducing cost
• Same company doing the work but based overseas
• More jobs created

Question 17

What is outsourcing?

Answer 17

• A company hires a different company to make goods or provide services
• Creates jobs in LICs/EEs

Question 18

What is a negative example of outsourcing?

Answer 18

Rana Plaza disaster 2013 in Bangladesh

Question 19

What are the benefits of working in urban areas?

Answer 19

• Higher and more stable salaries
• Jobs come with benefits (e.g. health insurance, sick pay, pension, maternity leave)

Question 20

What are the impacts of RU migration on housing in the Philippines?

Answer 20

• Too expensive to rent and low cost housing in short supply
• Shanty towns arise due to lack of space
• 1/3 of Manila population live in slums (e.g. Baseco)
• People are living in cemeteries (e.g. North Cemetery)
• Contagious diseases spread quickly
• Risk of eviction (e.g. 2000 people evicted from Kazon City due to illegal slums)

Question 21

What are the impacts of RU migration on schools in the Philippines?

Answer 21

• Shift system in place (3 shifts for 4h each)
• Class sizes are 50+
• 6000 pupils at Baseco local primary school
• Poor level of education as it it only partial

Question 22

What are the impacts of RU migration on hospitals in the Philippines?

Answer 22

• Overcrowded hospitals
• Stretched resources
• Little space for burying the dead
• 80 funerals a day

Question 23

What are the impacts of RU migration on transport in the Philippines?

Answer 23

• Overstretched roads
• Heavily congested with too many cars and not enough roads
• Poor public transport
• 1/5 of cars can’t travel each day under car coding system
• Inequality as wealthy can buy multiple cars
• People waste time in traffic

Question 24

What are the impacts of RU migration on employment in the Philippines?

Answer 24

• Many working in the informal economy
• Not taxed and flexible hours
• But variable income and no benefits

Question 25

What are the impacts of RU migration on pollution in the Philippines?

Answer 25

- Beaches covered in rubbish washed up from Manila - Unclean water increases disease risk - Polluted rivers as there are no waste disposal systems in slums (no trucks can get it)

Question 26

What are the impacts of RU migration on rural areas in the Philippines?

Answer 26

- Less productive agriculture due to elderly left behind (ageing workforce and youthful out-migration) - Threatens food security and agricultural production - Young people can't care for elderly - Feminisation of agriculture as men leave - Government investment decreases so services decline (negative spiral) - Remittances creates positive impacts through local spending in rural areas - Families split as parents move to cities

Question 27

What is the data on employment in the Philippines?

Answer 27

- 24% primary - 19% secondary - 57% tertiary

Question 28

How has the population of the Philippines changed from 1960 to 2024?

Answer 28

- Large youthful population, low life expectancy and child mortality in 1960 - Lower fertility rate and higher life expectancy in 2024 - High population among economically active in Manila