Migration Pack H Flashcards

(22 cards)

1
Q

What are the impacts of displacement on the lives of refugees?

A
  • Live in poor conditions (overcrowded and unsanitary)
  • Limited access to healthcare, food and clean water
  • Trauma
  • Risk of exploitation
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2
Q

What are the impacts of refugees on neighbouring states?

A
  • Increased GDP
  • Locals may be displaced due to competition
  • Expansionary effects of more people = more money
  • Integration challenges and tensions
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3
Q

How many refugees are in Europe?

A
  • 20 million refugees in 2024
  • Of which 25% are Ukrainian
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4
Q

What are the impacts of refugee camps on an area?

A
  • Pressure on resources (e.g. water, firewood, land, food)
  • Deforestation for firewood and building materials
  • Strain on local services
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5
Q

What deforestation is happening in Bangladesh for refugee camps?

A
  • 10% decrease in forest area
  • In Cox Bazar, Bangladesh
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6
Q

What are the benefits of refugees on HICs?

A
  • Fill labour shortages
  • Pay taxes
  • Start own businesses and employ locals
  • Increased cultural diversity
  • Increased working age population
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7
Q

What are the disadvantages of refugees on HICs?

A
  • Public spending on refugees when they first arrive
  • Employment competition
  • Housing shortages
  • Strain on schools and hospitals
  • Integration difficulties (e.g. linguistic or cultural)
  • Public oppposition
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8
Q

What is the UNHCR ?

A
  • UN Refugee Agency
  • Intergovernmental institution supported by many countries
  • Established in 1950
  • Provide international protection and seek permanent solutions to refugees
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9
Q

What has the UNHCR done?

A
  • Proposed the ‘Global compact on refugees’ in 2018 to the UN general assembly
  • To ease pressure on host countries, enhance refugee self reliance and support conditions in source countries
  • Provide emergency assistance with clean water, sanitation, healthcare etc. within 72h
  • Transport for refugees moving home
  • Training and cash based interventions
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10
Q

What are two UK refugee NGOs?

A
  • Refugee Council
  • British Red Cross
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11
Q

What does the Refugee Council do?

A
  • Provide up to date information that is accessible to the UK population
  • Dispels myths and advocates for refugees
  • Helps refugees build a better life in the UK
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12
Q

What does the British Red Cross do?

A
  • Help refugees with the legal process
  • Education and skills training
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13
Q

Why are some states powerless in stopping cross-border flows of people?

A
  • Have a porous border due to resources, borders and infrastructure
  • Lack financial and human resources
  • Have other socioeconomic priorities
  • Extensive borders are difficult to patrol
  • Weak transport, communication and surveillance infrastructure
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14
Q

What is an example of a country with a porous border?

A
  • The DRC
  • LIC with 9 borders
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15
Q

What are Uganda’s policies on refugees?

A
  • One of the most progressive policies in the world
  • Open door policy
  • Right to live and settle
  • Refugees are given a plot of land which enables subsistence farming
  • Right to work
  • Access to services
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16
Q

What are the limitations of Uganda’s refugee policy?

A
  • International aid and support required
  • EU gave €27.5 million in 2024
  • Roughly 2500 people per week (mostly from the DRC)
17
Q

What are Denmark’s policies on refugees?

A
  • One of the strictest refugee policies in Europe
  • Temporary residence permits for 1-2y at a time
  • No guarantee of a permanent visa
  • Refugees have to be fluent in Danish and have had a full-time job for several years to gain permanent status
  • Asylum seekers are down from 15000 in 2014 to 2000 in 2024 (-87%)
18
Q

What are the limitations of Denmark’s refugee policy?

A
  • Attracts criticism from UN
  • Ukrainian refugees are categorised separately
19
Q

What are the UK’s policies on refugees?

A
  • Refugees apply for asylum and the Home Office reviews applications
  • Cannot work until asylum is approved
  • Live in temporary housing until then
  • Refugee status enables access to work, NHS and education
  • Resettlement schemes for vulnerable refugees (Syria and Ukraine)
  • Emphasises border security and deportation of failed asylum seekers/illegal immigrants
20
Q

What are the limitations of the UK’s refugee policy?

A
  • Refugees are dependent on state resources
  • £4.3 billion spent in 2024
  • Public perception of unfair access to resources
21
Q

What are Turkey’s policies on refugees?

A
  • 1951 Refugee Convention applied to European refugees
  • Full protection under refugee status
  • Non-European refugees receive different status under dual asylum system
  • Syrians are covered under temporary protection
  • Have right to reside in Turkey and access to basic services but cannot apply for full refugee status
  • Non-Syrians faces stricter regulations under LFIP with limited access to services
22
Q

What are the limitations of Turkey’s refugee policy?

A
  • Acquired €3 billion from EU to support refugees