Migration Pack H

Question 1

What are the impacts of displacement on the lives of refugees?

Answer 1

• Live in poor conditions (overcrowded and unsanitary)
• Limited access to healthcare, food and clean water
• Trauma
• Risk of exploitation

Question 2

What are the impacts of refugees on neighbouring states?

Answer 2

• Increased GDP
• Locals may be displaced due to competition
• Expansionary effects of more people = more money
• Integration challenges and tensions

Question 3

How many refugees are in Europe?

Answer 3

• 20 million refugees in 2024
• Of which 25% are Ukrainian

Question 4

What are the impacts of refugee camps on an area?

Answer 4

• Pressure on resources (e.g. water, firewood, land, food)
• Deforestation for firewood and building materials
• Strain on local services

Question 5

What deforestation is happening in Bangladesh for refugee camps?

Answer 5

• 10% decrease in forest area
• In Cox Bazar, Bangladesh

Question 6

What are the benefits of refugees on HICs?

Answer 6

• Fill labour shortages
• Pay taxes
• Start own businesses and employ locals
• Increased cultural diversity
• Increased working age population

Question 7

What are the disadvantages of refugees on HICs?

Answer 7

• Public spending on refugees when they first arrive
• Employment competition
• Housing shortages
• Strain on schools and hospitals
• Integration difficulties (e.g. linguistic or cultural)
• Public oppposition

Question 8

What is the UNHCR ?

Answer 8

• UN Refugee Agency
• Intergovernmental institution supported by many countries
• Established in 1950
• Provide international protection and seek permanent solutions to refugees

Question 9

What has the UNHCR done?

Answer 9

• Proposed the ‘Global compact on refugees’ in 2018 to the UN general assembly
• To ease pressure on host countries, enhance refugee self reliance and support conditions in source countries
• Provide emergency assistance with clean water, sanitation, healthcare etc. within 72h
• Transport for refugees moving home
• Training and cash based interventions

Question 10

What are two UK refugee NGOs?

Answer 10

• Refugee Council
• British Red Cross

Question 11

What does the Refugee Council do?

Answer 11

• Provide up to date information that is accessible to the UK population
• Dispels myths and advocates for refugees
• Helps refugees build a better life in the UK

Question 12

What does the British Red Cross do?

Answer 12

• Help refugees with the legal process
• Education and skills training

Question 13

Why are some states powerless in stopping cross-border flows of people?

Answer 13

• Have a porous border due to resources, borders and infrastructure
• Lack financial and human resources
• Have other socioeconomic priorities
• Extensive borders are difficult to patrol
• Weak transport, communication and surveillance infrastructure

Question 14

What is an example of a country with a porous border?

Answer 14

• The DRC
• LIC with 9 borders

Question 15

What are Uganda’s policies on refugees?

Answer 15

• One of the most progressive policies in the world
• Open door policy
• Right to live and settle
• Refugees are given a plot of land which enables subsistence farming
• Right to work
• Access to services

Question 16

What are the limitations of Uganda’s refugee policy?

Answer 16

• International aid and support required
• EU gave €27.5 million in 2024
• Roughly 2500 people per week (mostly from the DRC)

Question 17

What are Denmark’s policies on refugees?

Answer 17

• One of the strictest refugee policies in Europe
• Temporary residence permits for 1-2y at a time
• No guarantee of a permanent visa
• Refugees have to be fluent in Danish and have had a full-time job for several years to gain permanent status
• Asylum seekers are down from 15000 in 2014 to 2000 in 2024 (-87%)

Question 18

What are the limitations of Denmark’s refugee policy?

Answer 18

• Attracts criticism from UN
• Ukrainian refugees are categorised separately

Question 19

What are the UK’s policies on refugees?

Answer 19

• Refugees apply for asylum and the Home Office reviews applications
• Cannot work until asylum is approved
• Live in temporary housing until then
• Refugee status enables access to work, NHS and education
• Resettlement schemes for vulnerable refugees (Syria and Ukraine)
• Emphasises border security and deportation of failed asylum seekers/illegal immigrants

Question 20

What are the limitations of the UK’s refugee policy?

Answer 20

• Refugees are dependent on state resources
• £4.3 billion spent in 2024
• Public perception of unfair access to resources

Question 21

What are Turkey’s policies on refugees?

Answer 21

• 1951 Refugee Convention applied to European refugees
• Full protection under refugee status
• Non-European refugees receive different status under dual asylum system
• Syrians are covered under temporary protection
• Have right to reside in Turkey and access to basic services but cannot apply for full refugee status
• Non-Syrians faces stricter regulations under LFIP with limited access to services

Question 22

What are the limitations of Turkey’s refugee policy?

Answer 22

• Acquired €3 billion from EU to support refugees