Migration Pack G

Question 1

What is a refugee?

Answer 1

A person forced to leave their home country due a well-founded fear of persecution

Question 2

What is an internally displaced person (IDP)?

Answer 2

A person forced to leave their home but remains within their own country

Question 3

How many people were forced to flee their homes in 2024?

Answer 3

• 117 million people
• Consisting of 42 million refugees and 75 million IDPs
• Increased from 40 million in 2006

Question 4

Where are refugees mostly hosted?

Answer 4

• 71% hosted in LICs/EEs
• 66% hosted in neighbouring countries

Question 5

What are the geopolitical causes of refugees?

Answer 5

• Internal conflict in countries with borders that bear little relation to ethnic groups
• Powerful countries supporting different sides of conflict
• People fleeing from conflict and war
• Fleeing from persecution (religious, ethnic, racial)

Question 6

What are the economic causes of refugees?

Answer 6

• Land grabbing when individuals lose access to their land
• Creates IDPs
• MNCs, foreign governments and individuals acquire land in LICs
• Target specific groups with violence
• Companies grow cash crops on it (e.g. palm oil, soy, sugar cane, biofuels)

Question 7

What is land grabbing in Cambodia like?

Answer 7

• 60% of arable land has been given to Chinese private companies
• 400,000 affected between 2003 and 2012

Question 8

What is Slow Food?

Answer 8

• NGO supporting small scale farmers in Uganda
• Helps preserve traditional crops, sells food in ‘Earth markets’
• Advocacy for rights
• Education on sustainable farming

Question 9

What are the natural causes of refugees?

Answer 9

• Natural hazards cause disasters that force people to flee to safety
• Climate change and rising sea levels are predicted to displace 13 million coastal dwellers

Question 10

What is an example of climate change refugees?

Answer 10

• Tuvalu residents are moving to Australia due to sea level rise
• Falepili Union Treaty 2024 is the first bi-lateral climate mobility policy

Question 11

How can climate change refugees be managed?

Answer 11

• Early warning systems
• Planned relocation (e.g. Pacific Islands)
• Policy change to recognise climate change refugees

Question 12

What are the causes of Rohingya refugees?

Answer 12

• Persecution by Myanmar Tatmadaw Military
• Denied stateship under Myanmar’s 1982 Citizenship Law
• Muslim minority in a Buddhist country
• 750,000 stateless Rohingya moving to Bangladesh

Question 13

What are the consequences of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh?

Answer 13

• Overcrowding in refugee camps
• Disease outbreaks
• Pressure on services and resources
• Political pressure and tensions
• Deforestation for space and materials to build camps

Question 14

What are the causes of Ukrainian refugees?

Answer 14

• Russia invaded Ukraine in Feb 2022
• Total of 5.7 million Ukrainian refugees

Question 15

Why are Ukrainian refugees moving to the UK?

Answer 15

• UK granted visas to 275,000 Ukrainians fleeing the war
• Has pathways to overcome political barriers to migration (e.g. Homes for Ukraine)

Question 16

What are the consequences of Ukrainian refugees in the UK?

Answer 16

• Housing pressure as refugees are no longer hosted by families
• Ukrainian households at risk of homelessness
• 80% of refugees entering the UK have been educated to degree level or above
• Language barrier hinders job prospects
• Disinformation campaigns create hostility against refugees in Europe

Question 17

What are the consequences of Ukrainian refugees for Ukraine?

Answer 17

• Decreased GDP
• Psychological trauma
• Families splitting
• Brain drain and loss of working age population
• Gender imbalance

Question 18

What are the causes of Syrian refugees in Turkey?

Answer 18

• Fleeing conflict which began in 2011
• Proximity and 911km border enables easy crossing
• Existing ethnic, linguistic and religious connections
• 3.7 million Syrian refugees in Turkey

Question 19

What are the consequences of Syrian refugees in Turkey?

Answer 19

• Pressure on services
• Turkey has spent $40 billion on refugee support

Question 20

What are the causes of IDPs in the DRC?

Answer 20

• Conflict in Eastern DRC since 2004
• Natural hazards like Mt Nyiragongo
• Militias taking over mineral rich areas
• Disease outbreaks like Ebola
• Total 6.9 million IDPs

Question 21

What are the consequences of IDPs in the DRC?

Answer 21

• Resettled in harsh, unhealthy and unsafe conditions
• Trauma from violence and displacement
• Pressure on resources in camps and overcrowded conditions
• Exploitation of IDPs by armed groups