Oceans Pack 2

Question 1

What are the characteristics of global governance?

Answer 1

• The steering rules, norms, codes and laws that regulate human activity at an international level
• Challenging as multilateral rather than unilateral
• Based on agreements and cooperation
• Primary goals are world peace, prosperity and sustainable development

Question 2

What were the oceans laws like pre-1939?

Answer 2

• Before WW2
• Oceans were subject to ‘freedom of the seas’ principle
• States claimed jurisdiction over 3 nautical miles of sea surrounding their coastline
• Remainder of seas was proclaimed ‘free to all and belonging to no one’

Question 3

What were ocean laws like between 1940-1950?

Answer 3

• Growing recognition of threats to ocean
• Pollution and waste from large oil tankers and transport ships
• Coastal fishing stocks decline due to long distance fishing fleets
• New territorial claims over seafloor resources which other nations copied

Question 4

What did the US do in 1945?

Answer 4

• Under Truman government
• US claimed exclusive ownership of its own continental shelf
• Access to oil, gas and minerals there
• First major challenge to the freedom of the seas doctrine
• Other nations copied approach quickly

Question 5

What were ocean laws like between 1960-1970?

Answer 5

• Mor countries claimed larger areas of territorial water for themselves
• Fish stocks began to show critical endangerment levels
• Lack of clarity over ownership of the North Sea led to political conflict between the UK, Denmark and Germany

Question 6

What were ocean laws like between 1973-1982?

Answer 6

• UN developed UNCLOS
• Comprehensive treaty to tackle marine pollution, overfishing and competing territorial claims between states

Question 7

What is UNCLOS?

Answer 7

• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
• Developed in 1973, adopted in 1982

Question 8

What does UNCLOS do?

Answer 8

• Governs how governments interact with the ocean
• Establishes rights and obligations
• Governs access to the ocean of costal and landlocked countries
• Resolves conflict in the oceans

Question 9

What is conflict in the oceans often about?

Answer 9

• Navigational rights
• Territorial sea limits
• Economic and legal issues with seabed resources outside a country’s area
• Conservation of resource
• Managing disputes

Question 10

What 5 zones does UNCLOS split marine areas into?

Answer 10

• Territorial Sea
• Contiguous zone
• EEZ
• High seas
• Continental shelf

Question 11

What is the territorial sea?

Answer 11

• Up to 12NM from baseline
• Country has complete control over all activities
• Innocent passage through territorial waters

Question 12

What is the contiguous zone?

Answer 12

• Up to 24NM from baseline
• Country has sovereignty and legal rights to a certain limit
• Can enforce laws related to customs, immigration, taxation and sanitation
• Unimpeded access given to vessels from any other country

Question 13

What is the exclusive economic zone (EEZ)?

Answer 13

• Up to 200NM from baseline
• Exclusive rights
• Exploit or conserve resources in the water or on the sea floor
• Offshore energy generation
• Establish and use artificial islands
• Conduct scientific research
• Protec and preserve marine environments with MPAs
• Freedom of navigation and laying cables for other countries

Question 14

What is the continental shelf and extended continental shelf?

Answer 14

• Up to 200NM or further to 350NM
• Extension of a land boundary
• Only non-living resources and sedentary living resources on the floor
• Other states can harvest fish, lay submarine cables/pipelines and conduct marine research
• State cannot restrict vaigation

Question 15

Why is owning island advantageous to a country?

Answer 15

• Can generate additional EEZs
• Provide greater access to resrouces

Question 16

How does UNESCO govern the oceans on a global scale?

Answer 16

• Part of the UN
• 2021-2030 UN’s Ocean Decade
• Seeks to stimulate ocean science and knowledge to reverse decline of ocean system
• Catalyse new opportunities for sustainable development
• ‘Science we need for the ocean we want’

Question 17

What G groups govern the ocean?

Answer 17

• G7
• G20
• G77

Question 18

What is G7?

Answer 18

• Organisation of the world’s largest advanced economics, which dominate global trade and the international financial system

Question 19

How does G20 govern the oceans on a regional scale?

Answer 19

• Formed Oceans 20
• Aim is to drive international cooperation for a healthy, clean, productive and safe ocean

Question 20

What is the G77?

Answer 20

• UN organisation that promotes the economic interests of developing countries

Question 21

How does NATO govern the oceans on a regional scale?

Answer 21

• Alliance of countries from Europe and N America
• Provides unique link between these countries
• Enables them to consult and cooperate in field of marine defense and security

Question 22

How does the EU govern the oceans on a global scale?

Answer 22

• Marine Directive
• Implements local and pan-European solutions support conservation and restoration of ocean health
• Mainly deals with anthropogenic pollution and natural degradation due to climate change
• Collects and reports ocean data and information related to ocean health in EU waters
• Each member state has to develop a 6 year plan for its waters

Question 23

How does CITES govern the oceans on a global scale?

Answer 23

• Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
• International agreement to ensure trade doesn’t threaten the survival of wild species

Question 24

What are the 4 main illegal flows?

Answer 24

• People
• E-waste
• Cocaine
• Animals/plants

Question 25

What factors have caused an increase in smuggling and trafficking?

Answer 25

- Globalisation - Technological advancements - Economic factors - Weak governance and corruption

Question 26

How has globalisation increased smuggling and trafficking?

Answer 26

- Growth of international trade and travel - Creates new opportunities for smuggling and trafficking - Criminal organisations take advantage of increase movement of people and goods - Expand their operations and increase their profits

Question 27

How has technological advancements increased smuggling and trafficking?

Answer 27

- Easier for smugglers and traffickers to communicate, plan and carry out operations - Can use encrypted messaging apps and social media to coordinate activities and avoid detection

Question 28

How has economic factors increased smuggling and trafficking?

Answer 28

- Inequality, poverty and unemployment create conditions that make people more vulnerable - Strict migration policies lead to illegal migration - People will be more willing to take risks due to incentive of potential for larger profits

Question 29

How has weak governance and corruption increased smuggling and trafficking?

Answer 29

- Creates an environment which criminal organisations can act with impunity - Easier to evade law enforcement - Conflict or political instability displace people and make them more vulnerable - Routes can constantly adapt

Question 30

How much is the flow of people trafficking worth?

Answer 30

- Generates $150 billion in illegal profits per year - Made by forced labour and profits from businesses and industries

Question 31

What are the largest people trafficking routes?

Answer 31

- Asia to Europe - Asia to Middle East - Asia to N America

Question 32

What are the stats of the flow of E-waste?

Answer 32

- Agbogbloshie, Ghana is the largest E-waste recycling site - 60 million tonnes of E-waste in 2022 - Increases 82% since 2010 - USA is the largest exporter

Question 33

Where are the flows of cocaine?

Answer 33

- Grown in Andean region - Shipped by sea fom S America to Caribbean then to the USA - Small boats meet large container ships out at sea - Central America-Mexico by land - Pacific route by sea

Question 34

What are the stats on the flow of cocaine?

Answer 34

- Worth $100 billion per year - 3700 tonnes produced in 2023 globally - 419 tonnes seized by EU in 2023

Question 35

What is the largest illegal trade flow of anmals?

Answer 35

- Pangolin's are the world's most trafficked animal - Account for 20% of all illegal wildlife trade - Used for traditional Chinese medicine and meat - Moved from Indonesia to China and Vietnam - Equivalent of 500,000 pangolins’ worth of products have been seized globally

Question 36

What international efforts exist to reduce people smuggling?

Answer 36

- International Organisation for Migrant (IOM) - End Human Trafficking Now - Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Sea - EU

Question 37

What is the IOM doing to reduce people smuggling?

Answer 37

- UN section working to promote safe and orderly migration and to prevent human trafficking - Provide assistance to trafficking victims - Supports capacity building for governments - Advocates for policies that protect migrants

Question 38

What is End Human Trafficking Now doing to reduce people smuggling?

Answer 38

- Global NGO - Raises awareness about human trafficking - Mobilises public support for efforts

Question 39

What is the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Sea doing to reduce people smuggling?

Answer 39

- Supplementary protocol to UNTOC - Specifically targets smuggling networks via maritime routes

Question 40

What is the EU doing to reduce people smuggling?

Answer 40

- Frontex - Controls border in the English Channel

Question 41

What international efforts exist to reduce movement of illegal goods?

Answer 41

- Container Control Programme (CCP) - UNCLOS - UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crime (UNTOC)

Question 42

What is the CCP doing to reduce movement of illegal goods?

Answer 42

- Improves supply chain security at seaports - Authorities inspect containers - Prevents movement of illicit goods across borders

Question 43

What is UNCLOS doing to reduce movement of illegal goods?

Answer 43

- Legal framework for maritime activities - Covers rights and responsibilities of states to combat illegal activities in territorial waters, contiguous zone and high seas - States have enforcement rights

Question 44

What is UNTOC doing to reduce movement of illegal goods?

Answer 44

- Focuses on international cooperation - To prevent and combat organised crime - Criminalises activities of smuggling across borders - Strengthens law enforcement