mobility and immobility

Question 1

mobility

Answer 1

motion or movement
used to accomplish daily tasks
bathing
driving
toileting
walking
cooking

Question 2

immobility

Answer 2

inability to move freely and independently
increased complications associated with the degree of immobility and length of time
major physiological and psychosocial effects are common
types:
temporary
permanent
sudden onset
slow onset

Question 3

musculoskeletal system

Answer 3

provide movement
posture and positioning
generate body heat
protect internal organs and structures
produce red bone marrow
provide nutrient storage for calcium, magnesium, and iron

Question 4

nervous system

Answer 4

central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
nerve cells in the spinal cord connect to the muscles throughout the body and fire signals that cause muscles to contract and bones to move

Question 5

body mechanics

Answer 5

how a person uses their body to sit, stand, lift, carry, bend, or lay down
poor body mechanics increase the risk of injury for the nurse and patient
lower back injuries are the most common problem for healthcare workers
permanent damage and injury can occur to the muscle, ligaments, nerves, joints, and blood vessels

Question 6

alignment

Answer 6

body posture
imaginary line that passes vertically through the body
stand erect with back straight
keep chin level
tighten abdominal muscles

Question 7

balance

Answer 7

central point of weight for an object or the body
changes with movement
wide base by spreading the feet shoulder-width apart
flexing the knees

Question 8

movement

Answer 8

reaching, bending, twisting motions can increase risk of muscle strain and injury
clients or objects should be as close as possible
face client
pivot feet in direction of movement
don’t twist and bend at the spine

Question 9

mobility assessment purpose

Answer 9

to determine appropriate nursing interventions, transfers, and fall procedures
determine what assistive devices may be required
determines the client’s level of independence
identifies potential activity intolerances

Question 10

mobility assessment

Answer 10

baseline mobility status
ability to sit and stand
ability to walk
level of assistance required
determine areas of mobility and immobility
condition of skin and further risk factors
potential signs, symptoms, or manifestations during activity

Question 11

activity intolerance

Answer 11

factors:
prolonged bed rest
decrease in mobility
balance difficulties
weakness due to illness and/or hospitalization
signs and symptoms (with activity):
weakness
fatigue
lightheadedness
chest pain
diaphoresis
increased HR, BP, RR

Question 12

heat therapy

Answer 12

goal:
increase circulation
increase metabolism of tissue
relax muscles
ease stiffness and pain

Question 13

heat therapy special considerations

Answer 13

bony prominences are more sensitive to heat
avoid heat over metal devices
never apply heat to the abdomen of a pregnant patient
do not place heat under an immobile client
never use heat in the first 24 hours of a traumatic injury, active bleeding, noninflammatory edema, or some skin disorders

Question 14

heat therapy applications

Answer 14

moist:
warm compress
warm soaks
sitz baths
dry:
hot pack
heating pad
warming blanket

Question 15

cold therapy

Answer 15

goal:
decrease inflammation
prevents swelling
reduce bleeding
reduce fever
diminished muscle spasms
decreases pain

Question 16

cold therapy special considerations

Answer 16

cold intolerance
vascular insufficiency
open wounds
disorders aggravated by cold therapy

Question 17

cold therapy application

Answer 17

moist:
cold water
cold soaks
dry:
ice bag
ice collar
ice glove
ice pack
cooling blanket

Question 18

promoting venous return

Answer 18

goal:
promote blood return to the heart from lower extremities
prevention of DVT
prevention of pulmonary embolism (PE)

Question 19

promoting venous return methods

Answer 19

elastic (antiembolic) stocking
SCDs (sequential compression devices)
repositioning
range of motion exercises

Question 20

mobility support and assistive devices

Answer 20

gait belt
walker
cane
crutches
sliding/transfer board
mechanical sit to stand lift
mechanical lift (hoyer lift)

Question 21

older adults

Answer 21

increase thoracic spine curvature-> kyphosis
decreased bone density
poor balance and nervous system dysfunction
joint mobility
slow movement ->stiffness in ankle and foot
low vision acuity and depth perception
facilitate independence as much as possible