1
Q
Microbiology definition
A
the study of microorganisms
2
Q
Microorganisms are
A
unicellular, multicellular, or acellular microscopic organisms
3
Q
Microbiology is important because: ______ the planet by…
A
terraform
producing oxygen
4
Q
Which organisms terraformed the planet by producing oxygen
A
photosynthetic bacteria
5
Q
Microbiology is important because: it is the ________ of the ________
A
backbone
food chain
6
Q
Microbes fix _______ required for _________
A
nitrogen
plant growth
7
Q
Microbiology is important because: it causes
A
disease (plant, animal, and human)
8
Q
Microbiology is important because: it promotes
A
health by providing vitamins
9
Q
Microbiology is important because: they are essential to
A
biotechnology and industries
10
Q
Microbes produce
A
vinegar and medication
11
Q
Traditional knowledge of microbes included
A
oral traditions in indigenous nations
12
Q
Oral traditions gave rise to the knowledge of this outbreak and this illness
A
1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak
Rickettsia rickettsia (rocky mountain spotted fever)
13
Q
2 traditional medicine practices
A
mouldy bread to treat skin wounds
Otzi “Iceman” used fungi with medical properties
14
Q
Ancestral infrastructures that showed knowledge of microbes
A
aqueducts for fresh water
sewage systems
15
Q
2 other ways our ancestors knew about microbes
A
fermented food and beverages
acquired immunity
16
Q
Marcus Terentius Varro proposed what concept
A
that things we cannot see can cause disease
17
Q
The Miasma theory
A
infectious diseases were caused by bad air (miasma) emitted by rotting organic matter
18
Q
Theory of spontaneous generation
A
living organisms arise from non-living matter
19
Q
What event is considered to have started the field of microbiology
A
the invention of the microscope and the observation of microorganisms
20
Q
What two people were believed to have started the field of microbiology
A
Robert Hooke
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
21
Q
Robert Hooke published
A
a book called Micrographia
22
Q
Robert Hooke described
A
fruiting structures of moulds
23
Q
Robert Hooke had the first descriptions of
A
microorganisms
24
Q
Antonie can Leeuwenhoek used the ___________ to ________ and _________ _________
A
simple microscope
observe
describe
bacteria
25
What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek call what he observed in the small microscope
"wee animalcules" = small animals
26
Who was a part of the golden age of microbiology
Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch
Sergei Winogradsky (microbial ecology)
Martinus Beijerinck (microbial ecology)
27
Three things Louis Pasteur did
fermentation
pasteurization
vaccination
28
What did Louis Pasteur show in terms of fermentation
specific microbes cause fermentation and spoilage
29
What did Louis Pasteur show in terms of pasteurization
it kills bad microbes
30
What did Robert Koch establish
the link between disease and microbes
31
What did Robert Koch develop
laboratory techniques
32
Sergei Winogradsky showed
that microbes live in microcosm and cross-feed eachother
33
Martinus Beijerinck identified
nitrogen fixing
34
Our ________ understanding of microbiology was built on ________ knowledge
current
old
35
_________ helps ________ our knowledge and __________
science/research
refine
understanding
36
What are 5 examples of microbes
SARS-CoV-2
Escherichia coli (Hamburger disease)
Tardigrade (Water Bears)
Midichlorians
The blue/green mold on your bread
37
2 types of microbes
cellular
acellular
38
2 types of cellular microbes
prokaryotes
eukaryotes
39
2 types of acellular microbes
viruses
prion
40
2 types of prokaryotes
bacteria
archaea
41
3 types of eukaryotes
protist
fungi
micro-animals
42
Why are viruses absent from the tree of life
they are not a cellular microbe and lack ribosomal RNA
43
Microbes are classified by comparing
16S or 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA sequence)
44
Who developed the method to classify microbes
Carl Woese
45
What are not included in the system to classify microbes
viruses
46
Why are viruses not included in the system by Carl Woese to classify microbes
viruses do not have rRNA
47
Using rRNA comparisons, life is divided into how many lineages and what are they called
3 different lineages called Domains
48
What the the 3 domains
bacteria
archaea
eukarya
49
What organisms does each domain (bacteria, archaea, and eukarya) include
Bacteria - prokaryotic organisms
Archaea - prokaryotic organisms
Eukarya - eukaryotic
50
What does the S stand for in the classification of microbes (70S, 80S, 16S, 18S)
Theodor Svedberg
51
The # in the classification of microbes (70S, 80S, 16S, 18S) is based on
the microbes sedimentation
52
Prokaryote coefficient of sedimentation
16S and 70S
53
Eukaryote coefficient of sedimentation
18S and 80S
54
The larger the coefficient of sedimentation is the
heavier/larger the microbe is
55
_________ gave rise to eukarya
Asgard
56
What is used to name organisms
genus species
57
When naming organisms the genus and species are both
italicized
58
If the organism has the same ________ in their name then they are closely related
genus
59
Which of the following would not be considered microbiology?
The discovery of food fermentation
The use of latrines by the Romans
Bad smell/air cause disease
Use of medical plants
Bad smell/air cause disease
60
2 types of microscopes
light
electron
61
Light microscopes
use the lens to focus light
62
Electron microscopes
focus electrons using magnets
63
When thinking about microscopy, which parameters are most important
resolution
magnification
contrast
64
Magnification
enlarge images
see details
65
In terms of magnification what does 10x mean
it is 10 times the actual size
66
__________ x ___________ = total magnification
ocular lens x objective lens
67
Magnification: _________ on a _______ quality image gives _______
zooming
poor
pixels
68
What parts of the microscope are used for magnification
eyepiece
ocular lens
69
Resolution
distinguishes two adjacent objects
70
Resolution is limited by _________, _______ is better
wavelength
shorter
71
________ light has longer wavelength than __________
visible
electrons
72
_______ microscopes have _______ resolution than _________ microscopes
electron
higher
light
73
Numerical aperture
the microscopes ability to gather light
74
Resolution limits for light and electron microscopes
light - 0.2 micrometer
electron - 0.2 nanometer
75
Contrast
difference in brightness between structures
76
Contrast depends on
the features of light or electrons
77
What is responsible for the sharpness of the image from a microscope
resolution and contrast
78
4 types of light microscope
brightfield
darkfield
phase contrast
fluorescence
79
Brightfield is a _______ image on a ____________
light
dark background
80
How do cells appear visible in brightfield
they absorb and scatter light differently than the surrounding
81
2 drawbacks of brightfield
lack contrast/resolution
not effective too unless cells are stained
82
If you have 10x ocular lenses and 40x objective lenses, what is the total magnification
400x
83
How can we see bacteria more easily
staining
84
Simple stain steps
1st - fixing the sample
2nd - add the stain (ie. the color)
3rd - rinse the sample
85
What does staining improve
resolution and contrast
86
3 different staining methods
basic stain
acid stain
negative stain
87
What dye is used for each staining method
basic - crystal violet
acid - rose Bengal
negative - nigrosine
88
Crystal violet binds to
negatively charged molecules and structures
89
Rose Bengal binds to
positively charged molecules and structures
90
Nigrosine binds to
the background
91
What would be the outcome if you use a basic dye (blue) and an acidic dye (pink) to stain a bacterial sample
each dye would bind specific structures and help differentiate the structures
92
In differential staining you
use two or more dyes
93
Differential staining helps
categorize bacteria and/or identify specific structures
94
Which types of stains help categorize bacteria
gram and acid-fast
95
Which types of stains help identify specific structures
flagellar
capsule
endospore
96
Gram stain
bacteria with or without outer membrane
97
Acid-fast stain
gram positive with or without mycolic acids (wax layer)
98
How to gram stain step 1
crystal violet
primary stain is added to specimen smear
99
What are the cell effects of step 1 gram staining
stains cells purple or blue
100
How to gram stain step 2
iodine
mordant makes dye less soluble so it adheres to water
101
What are the cell effects of step 2 of gram staining
cell remains purple or blue
102
How to gram stain step 3
alcohol
decolorizer washes away stain from gram-negative cell walls
103
What are the cell effects of step 3 of gram staining
gram-positive cells remain purple or blue
gram-negative cells are colorless
104
How to gram stain step 4
safranin
counterstain allows dye adherence to gram-negative cells
105
What are the cell effects of step 4 of gram staining
gram-positive cells remain purple or blue
gram-negative cells appear pink or red
106
What color are gram positive and gram negative
+ = purple
- = pink
107
Gram staining _________ the bacteria
kills
108
What color is the acid fast and non-acid fast bacteria before acid-fast staining
both are transparent
109
Acid fast stain step 1
carbol fuchsin stain added (primary stain)
110
What color is the acid fast and non-acid fast bacteria after the carbo fuchsin stain is added
fuchsia for both
111
Acid-fast stain step 2
acid-alcohol added (decolorizer)
112
What color is the acid fast and non-acid fast bacteria after the acid alcohol is added
acid-fast = fuchsia
non-acid fast = transparent
113
Acid-fast stain step 3
methylene blue stain is added (counterstain of acid-fast staining)
114
What color is the acid fast and non-acid fast bacteria after methylene blue stain
acid-fast = fuchsia
non-acid fast = blue/purple
115
What color are acid-fast positive and acid-fast negative
+ = pink
- = purple
116
Acid fast positive have
wax layer on top of cell wall
117
The wax on top of the cell wall in acid fast positive prevents
decolorizing action
118
Acid fast negative have
no wax layer
119
Acid fast negative are _________ to __________
sensitive
decolorizer
120
How would you improve resolution and contrast (without staining) of light microscopy
change the property of the light source
121
Darkfield microscopy uses
a modified condenser that creates a hollow cone of light
122
True or false: in dark field microscopy light passes through the specimen
False: light does not pass through the specimen
123
In darkfield microscopy light is
scattered by the specimen which reaches the objective lens after being refracted or reflected
124
Darkfield microscopy is a ________ object on a ________ background
light
dark
125
Darkfield microscopy vs bright field
has better resolution
resolves some objects
good way to observe motility
126
Phase contrast microscopy uses
annular ring that alters properties of light
127
In phase contrast light passes ______ the ________ and it uses ________ and _______ to do what
through
specimen
refraction
interference
generate an image
128
In phase contrast objects appear as a _________ on a ________ background
"white glow"
dark
129
Phase contrast vs brightfield
better resolution and contrast (living samples)
visual specialized structures
130
What visual specialized structures is phase-contrast good for
organelles of eukaryotes
endospore of gram-positive
131
Fluorochromes
fluorescent molecules that can be naturally present or added
132
In fluorescence microscopy fluorochromes are _____ by what
excited
a light source (either UV or blue light)
133
After excitation what do the fluorochromes do
emit visible light
134
Optical filters in the microscope _________ the ________ light and pass only the ________ light
filter out
excited
emitted
135
Samples in fluorescent staining may be
fixed (dried or sectioned)
living or hydrated
136
What dyes are used in fluorescent staining
fluorochromes
137
What can fluorochromes be attached to
antibodies
lectins
DNA
138
The technique of attaching fluorochromes to antibodies is known as
immunofluorescence
139
The technique of attaching fluorochromes to DNA is known as
fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
140
Some organisms or cells can express fluorescent ________ such as
proteins
GFP
141
Which type of microscopy would be best for viewing internal structures of a living single-cell eukaryote
phase contrast microscopy
142
Electron microscopy has a higher _______ power than _______ microscopy
resolving
light
143
What types of electron microscopy was talked about in lectures
TEM (transmission electron microscopy)
SEM (scanning electron microscopy)
144
TEM has high
resolution and magnification
145
With TEM you do not get
"pixels"
146
Samples observed with electron microscopy are
dead
147
To prepare samples for electron microscopy they must be
frozen/dehydrated and thinly sliced
148
Why do samples for electron microscopy have to be frozen/dehydrated and thinly sliced
because electrons do not penetrate thick samples
149
2 types of structures you can see when using electron microscopy
sub-cellular
molecular
150
In SEM what do electrons do
they "bounce" on the sample
151
What is the appearance of the sample in SEM
3D-like appearance
152
SEM gives an image of the
surface
153
True or false: TEM and SEM are both used for living samples
False - they both kill the cell
BMSC 210
flashcards
Decks in class (14)
# Cards
-
Module 1153
-
Module 2190
-
Module 349
-
Module 50
-
Module 60
-
Module 70
-
Module 80
-
Module 9141
-
OMICS50
-
Module 10: Epidemiology and Public Health122
-
Module 10: Diagnosis of Infectious Disease45
-
Module 11: Microbiome104
-
Module 11: Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity107
-
Module 11: Virulence Factors83
