1
Q
Spontaneous generation
A
non-living material gave rise to living material
2
Q
What did Francesco Redi do
A
provided experimental evidence against the spontaneous generation theory
3
Q
Which option is NOT an example used to explain spontaneous generation?
Sand gave rise to scallops
Mud gave rise to frogs
Fungal spores deposited on a piece of melon gives rise to the same type of fungi
Rotting flesh gave rise to maggot
A
Fungal spores deposited on a piece of melon gives rise to the same type of fungi
4
Q
What did Louis Pasteur propose about the spontaneous generation theory
A
life only comes from life
5
Q
How did Louis Pasteur show life only comes from life
A
used swan-neck flask
open to “lifeforce” but prevents microbe entry
6
Q
Robert Hooke _______ and ______ the term ________
A
observed
coined
cells
7
Q
Cell theory: living organisms are
A
made up of 1 or more cells
8
Q
Cell theory: cells are the
A
fundamental component of life
9
Q
Cell theory: cells ______ from
A
arise
pre-existing cells
10
Q
Cell theory: activity of an organism depends on
A
the total activity of the cells
11
Q
Cell theory: ________ flow occurs _______ cells
A
energy
within
12
Q
Cell theory: cells contain
A
DNA and RNA (and cells evolve)
13
Q
Cell theory: cells of ________ species have
A
similar
chemical composition
14
Q
Endosymbiotic theory: ________ in the ________ membrane of an _________- cell gave rise to what
A
infoldings
plasma
ancestral
endomembrane components
15
Q
The endomembrane components the ancestral cell gave rise to include
A
a nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum
16
Q
First endosymbiotic event
A
ancestral eukaryote consumed aerobic bacteria that evolved into mitochondria
17
Q
Second endosymbiotic event
A
early eukaryote consumed photosynthetic bacteria that evolved into chloroplasts
18
Q
Who revived the endosymbiotic theory
A
Lynn Margulis
19
Q
Prokaryotic cell includes
A
bacteria and archaea
20
Q
Prokaryotic cells do not have
A
a nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane
21
Q
What do prokaryotes have instead of a a nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane
A
a nucleoid
22
Q
Coccus bacteria shape
A
round
23
Q
Bacillus bacteria shape
A
rod
24
Q
Vibrio bacteria shape
A
curved rod
25
Coccobacillus bacteria shape
short rod
26
Coccus cell arrangement
single coccus
27
Diplococcus cell arrangement
pair of two cocci
28
Tetrad cell arrangement
grouping of four cells arranged in a square
29
Streptococcus cell arrangement
chain of cocci
30
Staphylococcus cell arrangement
cluster of cocci
31
Bacillus cell arrangement
single rod
32
Streptobacillus cell arrangement
chain of rods
33
Bacteria come in
different sizes
34
Not all bacteria are
microscopic
35
Inclusions and specialized compartments of prokaryotes
energy storage
gas vesicles
magnetosomes
36
Purpose of gas vesicles in prokaryotes
allow them to float in water
37
Purpose of magnetosomes in prokaryotes
allow them to change their orientation according to magnetic field
38
Endospores are resistant to
extreme temperatures and radiation
39
Endospores do not
absorb Gram stain, only special endospore stains
40
Endospores are _______ and have no _________ activity
dehydrated
metabolic
41
Endospores are _______, they have no ______ or _________ activity
dormant
growth
metabolic
42
Sporulation cycle step 1
DNA replicates
43
Sporulation cycle step 2
membranes form around the DNA
44
Sporulation cycle step 3
forespore forms additional membranes
45
Sporulation cycle step 4
protective cortex forms around the spore
46
Sporulation cycle step 5
protein coat forms around the cortex
47
Sporulation cycle step 6
spore is released
48
Stage 1 of sporulation cycle is called
asymmetric division
49
Stage 2 of sporulation cycle is called
englufment
50
Stage 3 and 4 of sporulation cycle is called
maturation
51
Stage 5 of sporulation cycle is called
mother cell lysis
52
After the spore is released what happens to the spore
germination to form new vegetative cells and then they undergo binary fission
53
At which step can you inhibit spore formation
asymmetrical division
54
2 characteristics of eukaryotic cells
membrane-enclosed nucleus
membrane-bound organelles
55
Cell envelope
all cells have this
series of layers around the cytoplasm
56
What are all the parts of the cell envelope
cytoplasmic membrane
cell wall
outer membrane
S-layer
capsule
57
What is the first layer of the cell envelope
cytoplasmic membrane
58
What is the second layer of the cell envelope
cell wall
59
What is the function of the cell envelope
diverse functions
60
True or false: all cells have a cytoplasmic membrane
true
61
The cytoplasmic membrane acts as a
barrier
62
They barrier of the cytoplasmic membrane is
selective
63
The cytoplasmic membrane generates
gradients
64
The cytoplasmic membrane anchors
proteins
65
3 things membrane-anchored proteins do
sense
communicate
interact
66
Anchor proteins allow
inside and outside to connect
67
Composition of cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria and eukarya
phospholipid bilayer
tail and head
ester linkage
68
Composition of cytoplasmic membrane in archaea
bilayer or monolayer
ether linkage
phospholipids with sidechains
69
The bacterial cell wall prevents
osmotic lysis
70
The bacterial cell wall maintains
cell shape and rigidity
71
Gram positive vs. gram negative cell wall (thick vs. thin)
gram + = thick
gram - = thin
72
Distinguishing feature between gram positive and gram negative bacteria
gram negative has an outer membrane that made of an asymmetrical bilayer with LPS
73
What is found in every single bacteria with very few exceptions
peptidoglycan
74
Peptidoglycan is unique to
bacteria
75
2 types of bacteria without cell wall
mycoplasma
chlamydia
76
Mycoplasma structure
no cell wall
no peptidoglycan
only have plasma membrane
77
Chlamydia structure
no cell wall
do have peptidoglycan
78
Gram + and gram - peptidoglycan similarities in structure
similar sugars
NAG and NAM
tetrapeptide
79
Tetrapeptide is on the ______ sugar and allows the
NAM
linkage between the sugar chains
80
Gram + and gram - peptidoglycan differences in structure
sugar chain is directly linked at the tetrapeptide in gram -
pentapeptide bridge in the gram + links the sugar chains
81
Do archaea have peptidoglycan also
no
82
How do archaea build their cell walls
pseudomurein
S-layer
83
84
Both bacteria and archaea have an ________ but the major difference is
S-layer
archaea use the S-layer as a cell wall
85
The S-layer is ________
pseudomurein is _________
proteins
amino sugars
86
Difference in sugar composition between bacteria and archaea
archaea do not have the NAM sugar they have the NAT sugar
87
Archaea do not have the NAM sugar but they still have
a peptide interbridge
88
What are fungi cell walls made of
not peptidoglycan or pseudomurein
made of chitins or cellulose
89
Function of cell wall in fungi
structural stability and protection
90
Lysozymes are a defense mechanism in animals. What microbe does it target
bacteria
91
Gram positive bacterial cell envelope's outer membrane has _____ leaflets
2
92
The outer leaflet of the outer membrane of the gram negative bacterial cell envelope is made up of
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
93
Within the outer membrane of the gram negative bacterial cell envelope there are
porins
94
Porins allow
movement of substrates from outside to inside to the periplasmic space
95
Murein lipoproteins
attach the cell wall to the outer membrane in gram negative bacteria
96
Gram positive use ______ to attach cell wall to _______ membrane
teichoic acid
cytoplasmic
97
LPS is found only in
gram negative bacteria
98
LPS contributes to
attachment
mechanical strength
immune evasion
protection
99
LPS is also called
an endotoxin
100
3 parts of LPS
O antigen
core
lipid A
101
Lipid A acts as a
pyrogen
102
Lipid A can cause
septic shock
103
If you isolate an unknown microbe and biochemical analysis reveals the presence of sugar repeats attached to a lipid integrated into an outer membrane, which type of microbe do you have
gram negative bacteria
104
Difference in cell envelope of acid fast bacteria vs gram positive
coated with wax and has mycolic acid layer
105
You want to use an antiobiotic that targets the cell wall to treat an infection. Which group is most resistant
mycoplasma and fungi
106
S-layer is a
protein mesh/sieve
107
The S-layer is arranged as a
permeable paracrystalline lattice
108
In real world terms, the S-layer looks like
mosaic tiles surrounding the cell
109
If the S-layer is present what layer is it of the cell envelope
the outermost layer
110
S-layer presence in bacteria vs archaea
found in only a few bacteria
found in nearly all archaea
111
S-layer in bacteria purpose
protection and adhesion
112
S-layer purpose in archaea
acts as the cell wall
protects against osmotic lysis
maintains cell shape
113
S-layer in gram positive bacteria is directly on top of
the cell wall
114
S-layer in gram negative bacteria is directly on top of
LPS outer leaflet
115
S-layer in archaea is directly on top of
cytoplasmic membrane or other layer
116
Capsule and slime layer
sticky polysaccharide coat
117
The capsule and slime layer are sometimes made of
protein
118
When present the capsule or slime layer forms
the outermost layer of the cell
119
The capsule and slime layer are involved in
attachment
biofilm
protection
pathogenesis
120
The capsule is a
tight matrix
121
The capsule excludes
small molecules
122
The capsule is ________ attached to the cell
strongly
123
The slime layer is easily
deformed
124
The slime layer is ________ attached to the cell
loosely
125
S-layer is not short for
slime layer, they are distinct structures
126
Are the capsule and slime layer both present ever
no so whichever is present will be the outermost layer
127
Outermost layer of gram negative bacteria
outer membrane
128
Outermost layer of acid fast bacteria
mycolic acid
129
Outer most layer for gram positive bacteria
cell wall
130
Outer most layer if bacteria is encapsulated or has a polysaccharide layer
capsule
131
Outermost layer if there is a protein lattice surrounding the bacteria cell
s-layer
132
Pili
hair-like structures
133
Pili are composed of
thin filamentous protein structures
134
Fimbriae
short pili
135
Fimbriae are used for
attachment
136
Pili role
conjugation
twitching motility (type IV)
137
Pili and fimbria role
pathogenicity (adhesion)
138
Pili and fimbriae are found in
most gram negative and in some gram positive bacteria
139
Flagellum enables bacteria to
swim
140
The flagellum is a
thin protein appendage
141
How fast does the flagellum rotate
1000 revolution/second
142
How fast can a flagellum travel
60 cell lengths/second
143
Different amount of flagellum names
monotrichous
amphitrichous
lophotrichous
peritrichous
144
A bacteria is described as being hairy when observed under the microscope, what is the structure
pili
145
2 movements of the flagella
tumbling or running
146
Tumbling flagellum movement
clockwise rotation of flagella
stays put in one place
147
Tumbling allows the flagella to
sense the environment
148
Running flagellum movement
counter-clockwise rotation of flagella
moves in a direction
149
Difference between flagellum in gram positive vs gram negative bacteria
gram negative has L and P-ring
150
L and P ring on gram negative bacteria allows
the rod to go through the outermembrane
151
Flagellum structure on gram negative and positive bacteria
basal body with motor attached to a rod that is attached to a hook that is attached to a filament
152
The filament on the outside of the gram negative and gram positive bacteria is what allows
the bacteria to move
153
Archaea's structure name that is used to swim
archaellum
154
The flagellum is related to
type III secretion
155
The flagellum has a ________ made of ________
filament
flagellin
156
Parts of the flagellum
hook
basal body
157
True or false: the flagellum is hollow
true
158
Flagellum is powered by
proton motor force
159
The flagellum assembles from
the tip
160
Archaellum is related to
type IV pili and type II secretion
161
The archaellum contains a
filament made of some protein and smaller units
162
Archaellum is _______ than the flagella so it moves _______ than the flagella
smaller
slower
163
True or false: the archaellum is hollow
false: it is not hollow
164
Archaellum is powered by
ATP
165
Archaellum assembles from
the base
166
What are capable of twitching movement
bacteria and archaea
167
Twitching motility is ______ dependent
ATP
168
Twitching motility is mediated by
type IV pili which extends then pulls
169
Twitching is a form of ________-movement that allows bacteria and archaea to
surface
move at the top of the surface
170
Gliding is powered by
proton motive force
171
Gliding movement is _______ and __________ motion without
continuous
smooth
external propulsion
172
What are capable of gliding movement
bacteria
173
Your favorite bacterium moves, and you did not detect a flagellum. What type of motility is your bacterium most likely capable of
twitching or gliding
174
Taxis is the ability of the cell to
sense and respond to gradients
175
A taxis response can be
positive or negative
176
Taxis requires the ability to move _______ or ______
towards
away
177
Taxis depends on
swimming
178
Taxis involves
complex regulatory coordination and network
179
The complex regulatory coordination and network are responsible for
sensing stimuli and controlling movement
180
Chemotaxis relies on surface _______ known as _________
proteins
chemoreceptors
181
Chemoreceptors relay ______ input to the _______ or _________
sensory
flagellum
flagella
182
Taxis is ________ movement
directed (movement in response to something)
183
How to measure chemotaxis movement if there is an attractant vs a repellant
attractant = high concentration in tube
repellant = low concentration in tube
184
Eukaryotic cells move primarily by
swimming rather than twitching or gliding
185
Eukaryotic swimming structures
long structure = flagella
short structure = cilia
186
Cilia also function in
sweeping food
187
Mechanism of movement in eukarya
flexible whip rather than rotating
188
The movement in eukarya is generated by
microtubules in the cytoplasmic membrane
189
The source of energy for the movement in eukarya is
ATP
190
BMSC 210
flashcards
Decks in class (14)
# Cards
-
Module 1153
-
Module 2190
-
Module 349
-
Module 50
-
Module 60
-
Module 70
-
Module 80
-
Module 9141
-
OMICS50
-
Module 10: Epidemiology and Public Health122
-
Module 10: Diagnosis of Infectious Disease45
-
Module 11: Microbiome104
-
Module 11: Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity107
-
Module 11: Virulence Factors83
