BMSC 210 > Module 9 > Flashcards

Module 9 Flashcards

(141 cards)

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1
Q

Immunology

A

the study of the immune system and immunity

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2
Q

Immunity

A

the ability of an organism to resist infections

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3
Q

2 branches of immunity

A

innate
adaptive

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4
Q

Innate immunity

A

multifaceted system of defences targeting invading pathogens in a nonspecific manner

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5
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

multifaceted system of defences that specifically targets invading pathogens and that develop memory to the invading pathogens

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6
Q

3 ways the body reacts to microbes

A

tolerate
segregate
defend

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7
Q

Tolerating microbes

A

if the microbes are friendly or harmless

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8
Q

Segregating microbes

A

keep microbes out of places where they should not be

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9
Q

Defending microbes

A

mount an immediate and aggressive defensive response if the microbes are causing damage

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10
Q

What is involved in all 3 of the body’s reactions to microbes

A

the human immune system

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11
Q

Innate immunity: non- ________ and non-______

A

inducible
specific

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12
Q

Innate immunity: ________ response (within ________)

A

quick
hours

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13
Q

Innate immunity: no previous

A

exposure required

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14
Q

Innate immunity: ________+__________ barriers

A

physical
chemical

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15
Q

Innate immunity: 2 others

A

phagocytes
inflammation

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16
Q

ADD SLIDE ABOUT PHAGOCYTES AND INFLAMMATION

A
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17
Q

Adaptive immunology: activated when

A

innate immunity fails

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18
Q

Adaptive immunology: specific

A

recognition of pathogens

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19
Q

Adaptive immunology: ______ process (_________)

A

slow
multistep

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20
Q

Adaptive immunology: develop

A

memory

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21
Q

Adaptive immunology: ___-cells, ___-cells, and ________

A

T
B
antibodies

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22
Q

Physical defences of innate immunity

A

cellular barriers
mechanical defences
microbiome

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23
Q

What do cellular barriers do

A

deny entry

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24
Q

What do mechanical defences do

A

remove potential threats

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25
Cellular barriers include
skin mucous membrane endothelial cells
26
Mechanical defences include
shedding of skin cells mucociliary sweeping peristalsis flushing action of urine and tears
27
What does the microbiome do as a physical barrier
compete with pathogens
28
Innate immunity chemical defences
body fluids antimicrobial components complement system cytokines mediators of inflammation
29
Body fluids include
chemicals that regulate pH enzymes nutritional immunity
30
What do chemicals that regulate pH do
inhibit microbial growth
31
What does nutritional immunity do
makes nutrients unavailable
32
Antimicrobial components include
antimicrobial peptides bile acids
33
Innate immunity the complement system has what proteins
plasma proteins
34
Plasma proteins of the complement system components
sequential interaction (cascade: complement activation) enzymes membrane attack complex (MAC)
35
The complement system boosts
innate and adaptive response
36
Cytokines, chemokines, and interferons of innate immunity are the
molecular messenger of the immune system
37
Cytokines
bind to receptors
38
Cytokines signal
cascade leading to transcription activator
39
Chemokines are a
sub-class of cytokines
40
Chemokines recruit
circulating immune cells to the site of injury
41
Interferons are a
sub-class of cytokines
42
What do interferons do
activate anti-viral response of nearby cells
43
Organs involved in immunity
blood and lymphatic systems secondary lymphoid organs
44
Blood and lymphatic systems allows
circulation and distribution of immune cells
45
Lymph dumps _______ and ________ into the _______
antibodies immune blood
46
Secondary lymphoid organs include
lymph nodes mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) spleen
47
Cellular players involved in innate immunity
erythrocytes (red blood cells) leukocytes (white blood cells) platelets monocytes granulocytes
48
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are derived from
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
49
Monocytes are
immature
50
Granulocytes are
granules that can be stained
51
Granulocytes _______ their ________
destroy targets
52
Granulocytes are made up of
toxins and enzymes
53
CHECK CELLULAR PLAYERS SLIDE TO ADD ABOUT MATURE/DIFFERENTIATE
54
Innate immunity cell types
dendric cells macrophages neutrophils eosinophils basophils mast cells natural killer cells
55
Dendric cells
antigenic-presenting cells residing in the skin and mucous membranes
56
Macrophages
APC residing in the tissues and organs (spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT)
57
Macrophages are the _____ to
link adaptive immunity
58
Neutrophils
elimination and destruction of extracellular bacteria
59
Neutrophils are in
blood and bone marrow
60
Eosinophils
protection against protozoa and helminths and role in allergies
61
Basophils role
role in inflammation and allergic reactions
62
Basophils are found in
the blood
63
Mast cells role
in inflammation and allergic reactions
64
Mast cells are found in
tissues
65
Natural killer cells
kill virus-infected cells and cancerous cells
66
Phagocytosis of pathogens is the
uptake of extracellular pathogen (phagosome) CHECK WHAT THIS MEANS
67
Purpose of phagocytosis of pathogens
to destroy
68
Membrane bound inclusions of phagocytosis of pathogens
lysosomes
69
Lysosomes are
bacterial substances reactive oxygen species enzymes: lysozymes, proteases, etc.
70
Lysosymes fuse with what to form what
phagosome to form the phagolysosome
71
Some pathogens can
avoid, neutralize, or kill phagocytes
72
Innate immunity: recogonize
pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMS)
73
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern are
unique microbe structures
74
PRRs stands for
pattern recognition receptors
75
Pattern recognition receptors include
toll-like receptors (TLRs) NOD-like receptors (NDRs)
76
ADD PART FOR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION + PHAGOCYTOSIS
77
2 ways of killing microbes without phagocytosis
killing something bigger than you (parasites) killing something hiding within a cell
78
Killing something bigger than you is
extracellular killing by eosinophils
79
Extracellular killing by eosinophils secretes
toxic protein that perforate parasite wall
80
Killing something hiding within a cell is
extracellular killing by natural killer cells (NK cells)
81
Extracellular killing by NK cells do 2 things
seek and destroy virus infected host cell secretion of degrading enzymes
82
Inflammation is a
normal biological response that promotes healing
83
Inflammation is characterized by
redness (erythema) swelling (edema) pain heat
84
Inflammation causes production of
activators
85
The activators that inflammation produces are
pro-inflammatory molecules phagocytes and lymphocytes induce vasodilation increased vascular permeability
86
Inflammation causes an influx of
phagocytes which increases inflammation
87
Fever is an
inflammatory response that is not localized
88
What will induce fever
LPS - exogenous pyrogen Cytokines - endogenous pyrogens
89
What is acted on during a fever
the prostaglandins which act on the hypothalamus
90
Fever limits
growth of pathogen
91
Uncontrolled inflammation
toxic/septic shock
92
Fever slows
the growth of temperature sensitive microbes
93
Fever reduces
availability of nutrients used by microbes iron, zinc, and copper concentration decrease in serum
94
Fever increases
metabolic activity of phagocytic cells
95
Fever stimulates
acute inflammation
96
_____ grade fever is beneficial but _______ grade can be _________ and must be _______
low high dangerous controlled
97
High grade fever temperature
about 40 degrees celsius
98
How is a high grade fever controlled
medical drugs that are antipyretic (ibuprofen, aspirin)
99
Adaptive immunity: discriminate
distinguish between specific foreign molecules
100
Adaptive immunity: diversify
recognize many possible foreign molecules
101
Adaptive immunity: memorize
remember foreign molecules after 1st exposure
102
Two components of adaptive immunity
humoral immunity cell-mediated immunity
103
Humoral immunity
antibodies produced by B-cells (bone marrow lymphocytes) in response to antigens
104
Cell-mediated immunity
activation of T-cells (thymus lymphocytes) to control intracellular microbes (virus, bacteria, parasites)
105
What is an antigen
a molecule/substance that interacts with antibodies or T cell receptor (TCR)
106
True or false: all antigens induce an immune response
False - not all antigens induce an immune response
107
An immunogen
induces an immune response - conjugate vaccines
108
A hapten is
a small molecule that binds to an antibody
109
Hapten does or does not induce an immune response
does not
110
A hapten needs what to be an immunogen
needs a carrier
111
Immunogenicity is dependent on
complexity physical form and structural form dose
112
Epitope or antigenic determinant
only sections or specific regions of an antigen are recognized
113
Epitopes: antibodies can bind to
the full form of an antigen
114
Epitope: TCR needs
the antigen to be processed and only bind 20 amino acids or less
115
Immunoglobulin antibody characteristics
monomer Y-shaped fragment of antigen binding fragment of crystallization
116
Immunoglobulins
glycoproteins blood and tissue fluids
117
Monomer
4 protein chains held by disulfide bonds
118
Y-shaped
2 heavy chains + 2 light chains
119
Fragment of antigen binding region
fab region
120
Fragment of antigen binding
variable: diversity and specificity provide function
121
Fragment of crystallization region
Fc region
122
Fragment of crystallization
binds to complement and phagocytes
123
Functions of antibodies
opsonins agglutination neutralization cell-mediated cytotoxicity
124
Immunoglobulin classes
IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM
125
ADD IN FROM IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASSES SLIDE CHART
126
The major histocompatibility complex is important for
antigen presentation
127
The major histocompatibility complex has
surface expose glycoprotein dimers
128
Major histocompatibility complex classes
MHC I and MHC II
129
MHC I characteristics
found on all nucleated cells present self antigens present non-self antigens
130
MHC II characteristics
found on macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells present non-self antigens
131
Antigen presenting cells include
macrophages dendritic cells B cells
132
Antigen presenting cells _______ and ______ antigen
process present
133
Antigen presenting cells _______ and _______ antigen differently
recognize process
134
MHC II processing and presentation: ______ vs ________
B cells phagocytes
135
Antigen processing occurs in the
phagolysosome
136
MHC II processing and presentation: not all ______ presented, only
antigen immunogenic and/or dominant antigens are presented
137
LAST ANTIGEN PRESENTATION SLIDE ADD IN
138
Cell-mediated immunity is driven by
T-cells
139
Cell-mediated immunity is to eliminate
cells infected with a microbe "abnormal" (cancer) or non-self tissues (transplant tissues)
140
Cell-mediated immunity is to regulate
the function of cells involved in innate immunity (macrophage) and humoral immunity (B cells)
141
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