1
Q
The human microbiome contains more ______ than the ______ genome
A
genes
human
2
Q
Microbes influence
A
digestion
immunity
mood
metabolism
3
Q
Understanding normal microbiota helps to
A
interpret infection and dysbiosis
4
Q
Microbiome research drives new
A
diagnostics and therapies
5
Q
Microbiome
A
community of microorganisms plus their environment and collective genes
6
Q
Microbiome is a microbial community with distinct ________ and _________ and its interaction with its ________ resulting in the formation of
A
properties
functions
environment
ecological niches
7
Q
Microbiota
A
the living microbial membranes
8
Q
Non-living entities ______ but are not part of ________. They do constitute part of the __________
A
influence
microbiota
microbiome
9
Q
The microbiome is termed the
A
last organ for its integrated physiological role
10
Q
At each body site we have
A
a different microbiome
11
Q
The proportion of genera at each body site ________
A
differs
12
Q
Major genera in the skin
A
propionibacterium
13
Q
Major genera in the saliva
A
streptococcus
14
Q
Major genera in the urogenital tract
A
lactobacillus
15
Q
Major genera in the gastrointestinal tract
A
bacteriodetes
16
Q
Microbial composition reflects both
A
host physiology and environmental exposure
17
Q
Skin microbiome varies by
A
moisture
sebum
exposure
18
Q
Sebaceous is dominated by
A
propionibacterium species
19
Q
Moist areas of skin have
A
staphylococcus and corynebacterium
20
Q
Dry skin areas are
A
more diverse
includes betaproteobacteria and flavobateriales
21
Q
Fungal areas have
A
malassezia across all
22
Q
Most abundant and least abundant kingdom across skin sites
A
bacteria = most abundant
fungi = leas abundant
23
Q
Humans are ________ and ________
A
monogastric
omnivorous
24
Q
Colonization of gut begins at ______, shaped by
A
birth
delivery mode, diet, and antibiotics
25
How many microbial cells in gastrointestinal tract
about 10^13 microbial cells
26
Functions of gastrointestinal microbiota
digestion
vitamin synthesis
immune modulation
colonization resistance
27
At each site in gastrointestinal tract there are gradients in _____ and _______ and _______ define _______
pH and oxygen
nutrients
niches
28
Microbial populations in different areas of the GI tract are influenced by
diet and the physical conditions in the area
29
pH of about ____ in the GI tract limits _______; still hosts
2
diversity
acid tolerant taxa
30
GI tract has low _______ but is ________ active
biomass
metabolically
31
Low biomass but metabolic activity of GI tract contributes to
hormone signalling and immunity
32
Common groups in GI tract
firmicutes
bacteroidetes
actinobacteria
propionibacterium
33
_____-resistant helicobacter pylori was discovered in the ________
acid
1980's
34
Helicobacter pylori can cause
gastritis and peptic ulcers which can now be cured with antibiotics
35
Helicobacter pylori colonizes ______ in _____ of people
mucosa
about 50%
36
Intestinal microorganisms carry out
a variety of essential metabolic reactions that produce various compounds
37
The colon is an _______ fermentation chamber; microbiota use
in vivo
nutrients from the digestion of food
38
________ dominate in the large intestine/colon
anaerobes
39
Anaerobes that dominate in the large bacterium are
bacteroides
clostridia
40
Microorganisms in the large intestine/colon ferment
fibers to short chain fatty acids
41
Most organisms in the large intestine are found in the ________, some are
lumen
attached to mucosal layers
42
98% of taxa of the gut microbiota belong to
firmicutes
bacteroidetes
proteobacteria
43
Relative abundance differs by
person
affects nutrient metabolism and energy
44
The _________:__________ ratio is linked to
firmicutes
bacteriodetes
obesity
45
Healthy gut =
diverse, stable, metabolically balanced community
46
Functions of the Gut Microbiome: serves as a
barrier against harmful pathogens by occupying ecological niches and competing for resources
47
Functions of the Gut Microbiome: breaks down
complex carbohydrates and fiber that the human digestive system alone cannot process
48
Functions of the Gut Microbiome: helps educate the
immune system to differentiate between harmful pathogens, beneficial microbes, and self
49
Functions of the Gut Microbiome: synthesizes certain
vitamins, such as B vitamins and vitamin K, which can be absorbed and utilized by the human host
50
Functions of the Gut Microbiome: plays a role in maintaining the
integrity of the gut epithelial barrier, preventing leaky gut and the translocation of harmful substances into the bloodstream
51
Many microbial metabolites or transformation products that can be generated in the gut have significant influence on
host physiology vitamin production; modification of steroids; amino acid biosynthesis
52
Different activity of bioactive bacterial molecules
antibiotic
protective antioxidant
neuromodulatory
immunomodulatory
53
The immune system does not properly develop in the
absence of microbial stimulation
54
Exposure to a variety of microorganisms soon after ______ is essential for
birth
developing immune tolerance of beneficial microorganisms and recognizing pathogens as foreign
55
Other small molecules produced by microbes such as _______ and ________, act as...
indoles
secondary bile acids
host cells
56
An emerging concept in microbiome research is that
microorganisms communicate with the host through a shared chemical language
57
Healthy diet and lifestyle positively
influences your gut flora, keeping the balance between good and bad bacteria
58
Bad diet, existing health issues, and cumulative stress can
upset gut balance, making you more prone to illness
59
Respiratory tract microbiome: microbes thrive in the
upper respiratory tract
60
Respiratory tract microbiome: bacteria continually enter the upper respiratory tract from
the air during breathing
61
Respiratory tract microbiome: upper tract is dominated by
streptococcus
corynebacterium
moraxella
62
Respiratory tract microbiome: most are trapped in the
mucus of the nasal and oral passages and expelled with nasal secretions or swallowed and then killed in the stomach
63
Respiratory tract microbiome: lower tract has low _______ but is not _______
biomass
sterile
64
Respiratory tract microbiome: includes
transient species
65
Respiratory tract microbiome: has no normal
microbiota in healthy adults
66
Respiratory tract microbiome: only particles ______ than about _______ in diameter reach the _______
smaller
10mm
lungs
67
Respiratory tract microbiome: the particles smaller than about 10mm that reach the lungs include
some pathogenic microbes, most notably bacteria and viruses that cause pneumonia
68
Respiratory tract microbiome: what maintain balance
mucus
cilia
immune defenses
69
Respiratory tract microbiome: _______ may ______ infections
dysbiosis
precede
70
The oral cavity is a
complex, heterogeneous microbial habitat
71
The oral cavity is the cone of the body's
richest microbiomes (>700 species)
72
Saliva contains
antimicrobial enzymes and provides nutrients
73
_______ formed on teeth, gums, tongue, and tonsils
biofilms
74
Oral-gut axis: _________ microbes _______ gut communities
swallowed
seed
75
Specific pathogens in the mouth have been shown to
trickle into the gut microbiome and vice-versa, which can reshape the terrain of each ecosystem
76
Early colonizers of dental plaque are
streptococcal species, including S. sanguinis and S.gordonii
77
Late colonizers of dental plaque include
streptococcus mutans
lactobacillus species
veillonella
78
Streptococcus mutans produces a ______ matrix that leads to _______ formation and ________ by taxa which could not
glucan
biofilm
colonization
have bound to the tooth surface unassisted
79
Acid within the biofilm secretes
acid-tolerant, cariogenic organisms, such as S.mutans
80
If the process of biofilm formation is unchecked the process
destroys the protective enamel coating of the tooth leading to clinical disease
81
What contribute to the development of pathogenic biofilms
poor oral hygiene
high-sugar diet
other salivary, immunological, and microbial factors
82
Cells form a biofilm called
dental plaque
83
Dental plaque has
streptococcus and other fermenting bacteria
84
_______ bacteria ________ sugars producing ________ and then ________ _______
cariogenic
ferment
lactic acid
enamel erosion
85
______ are a key contributor to dental caries but it is not the
S. mutans
sole agent as it is a polymicrobial process
86
Periodontal biofilms are associated with
chronic inflammation
tooth loss
87
Periodontal disease can have _______ effects and has been associated with what 2 diseases
systemic
cardiovascular and arthritic diseases
88
Urinary tract has a generally _____ biomass because
low
flushing by urine limits colonization
89
Urethral and vaginal microbiomes differ sharply by
sex and hormones
90
Dysbiosis produces
UTI's
vaginitis
infertility issues
91
True or False: men are more prone to UTI's
false: women are
92
What is the predominant organism of the vagina in women of reproductive age
lactobacillus acidophilus or crispatus
93
The vaginal microbiota varies over ______ and can change in ________, leading to ________ of normal microbiota and associations with
time
composition
dysbiosis
inflammatory infections such as vaginitis or bacterial vaginosis
94
The vagina of the adult female is ______ acidic and contains significant amounts of _______
weakly
glycogen
95
Lactobacillus acidophilus ferments _______ to produce ________
glycogen
lactic acid
96
Lactic acid in the vagina helps to
maintain a local acidic environment
97
What is a cause of bacterial vaginosis
Gardnerella vaginalis
98
Compared to females, __________ characterization of the male genital tract (MGT) is still in
metagenomic
its initial phases
99
The MGT has low biomass _________ with relatively _______ bacterial communities
ecosystem
diverse
100
The bacterial communities in the MGT are dominated by
skin and urethral taxa
101
Semen microbiota may influence
fertility and pregnancy outcomes
102
The MGT microbiome has been linked to
sexually transmitted infection transmission and prostate inflammation
103
Research on the MGT microbiome is _______ due to
limited
challenges associated with sampling and sequencing
104
BMSC 210
flashcards
Decks in class (14)
# Cards
-
Module 1153
-
Module 2190
-
Module 349
-
Module 50
-
Module 60
-
Module 70
-
Module 80
-
Module 9141
-
OMICS50
-
Module 10: Epidemiology and Public Health122
-
Module 10: Diagnosis of Infectious Disease45
-
Module 11: Microbiome104
-
Module 11: Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity107
-
Module 11: Virulence Factors83
