1
Q
list 3 different types of cartilage
A
- hyaline
- elastic
- fibrocartilage
2
Q
cartilage - hyaline
A
- forms epiphyseal plate
- covers ends of articulating bone
- most abundant
3
Q
cartilage - elastic
A
- maintains shape
- forms auricle
4
Q
cartilage - fibrocartilage
A
- forms knee
- inteveterbral discs
- pubic symphysis
5
Q
list the 5 functions of bones
A
- support
- protection
- storage of minerals and triglycerides
- blood cell production
- movement
6
Q
axial skeleton
A
- skull
- vertebral column
- ribcage
7
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
- limbs
- shoulder
- pelvic girdle
8
Q
list the 4 different bone shapes
A
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
9
Q
tuberosity
A
rough + rounded
10
Q
trochanter
A
large + irregular projection
11
Q
tubercle
A
small + rounded
12
Q
spine
A
pointed
13
Q
process
A
bony bump
14
Q
crest
A
prominent bony ridge
15
Q
malleolus
A
projection shaped like hammer head
16
Q
head
A
round expression at end of bone
17
Q
condyle
A
smooth rounded surface at end
18
Q
osteomalacia/rickets
A
- lack of calcium phosphate crystals
- soft, flexible, deformed bones
- insufficent calcium intake
- vitamin d defficieny
19
Q
osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease)
A
- congenital
- affects quantity + quality of collagen fibres
- brittles + easily fractured
- no cure
- requires strengthening
20
Q
osteoporosis
A
- bone absorption outpaces bone deposition
- reduction in bone mass
- normal matrix components but in reduced amounts
21
Q
structure of bone (tissues)
A
- connective tissues
- nervous tissue
- muscle + epithelial tissue
22
Q
list the 3 types of connective tissue
A
- osseous tissue
- adipose tissue
- hyaline cartilage
23
Q
list the 3 components of the matrix
A
- collagen fibres
- calcium phosphate crystals
- ground substances
24
Q
collagen fibres
A
flexibility + tensile strength
25
calcium phosphate crystals
hard + compressive strength
26
list the specialised cells of osseous tissue (4)
- osteoprogenitor
- osteoblasts (bone building)
- osteoclasts
- osteocytes
27
intersitial bone growth
- lengthens the bone
- occurs at epiphyseal plate
- generation of new cartilage on top
28
apposiitonal bone growth
- widens bone
| - outer surface
29
regulation of bone growth
- GH
- TH
- promotes and ends growth
30
list the 2 different types of bones
1. compact
| 2. spongy
31
compact bone
- osteons
| - resist forces
32
spongy bone
- osseous tissue
- trabeculae (irregular lattice)
- resists from all directions
33
structures of an osteon (3)
1. central canal
2. concentric circles
3. osteocytes
34
osteon - central canal
contain blood vessels and nerves
35
osteon - concentric circles
hollow cylinders
36
osteon - osteocytes
lie between the cylinders of the matrix
37
list 3 steps of fracture treatment
1. reduction
2. immobilisation
3. rehabilitation
38
closed fracture
bone does not break the skin
39
open fracture
bone protrudes skin
40
greenstick fracture
incomplete break
41
compression fracture
bone crushed
42
spiral fracture
ragged bone as a result of excessive twisting
43
epiphyseal fracture
bone breaks along epiphyseal plate
44
transverse fracture
bone breaks along shaft
45
depressed fracture
- broken bone pressed inwards
46
avulsion fracture
bone fragments away from main bone (usually at sight of tendon or ligament attachment)
47
pathological fracture
caused by disease that weakens bones
48
colles fracture
break at distal end of radius
49
scaphoid fracture
common carpal bone fracture
50
potts fracture
fracture of both tibia and fibula
51
list the 4 steps of fracture repair
1. HAEMATOMA FORMS
(clot forms)
2. FIBROCARTILLAGINOUS CALLUS FORMS
(fibroblasts produce collagen, chondrocytes produce collagen, splints broken end)
3. BONY CALLUS FORMS
(converted to spongy, bone ends united)
4. BONE REMODELLING
(compact bone replaces spongy, osteoclasts remove excess bone)
52
list the 3 functional classifications of joints
1. synarthosis
2. amphiarthosis
3. diarthosis
53
synarthosis
immovable
54
amphiarthosis
slightly moveable
55
diarthosis
freely moveable
56
list the 3 structural classifications of joints
1. fibrous
2. cartilaginous
3. synovial
57
fibrous joint
- no joint cavity
| - immovable/slightly moveable
58
cartilaginous joint
- no joint cavity
| - immovable/slightly moveable
59
synovial joint
- joint cavity present
| - freely moveable
60
list the 5 structures of a synovial joint
1. articular capsule
2. joint cavity
3. synovial fluid
4. articular cartilage
5. reinforcing ligament
61
synovial structures - articular capsule
- surrounds entire joint
| - 2 layers = outer fibrous and inner synovial which produces fluid
62
synovial structures - joint cavity
- separates articulating bones + contains fluid
63
synovial structures - synovial fluid
- shock absorbs
- reduces friction
- circulates nutrients
- removes waste
64
synovial structures - articular cartilage
- covers ends of bones
- shock absorption
- reduces friction
65
synovial structures - reinforcing ligament
stabilises joints
66
list the 4 additional structures of a synovial joint
- menisci
- muscle tendons
- bursae/tendon sheaths
- fat pads
67
additional structures of a synovial joint - menisci
discs of fibrocartilage
- stabilises
- shock absorbs
- reduces friction
68
additional structures of a synovial joint- muscle tendons
stabilises
69
additional structures of a synovial joint- bursae/tendon sheaths
bags of synovial fluid
| - reduces friction
70
additional structures of a synovial joint - fat pads
protect joints + structures
71
list the the types of synovial joints
- plane e.g. intercarpal
- pivot e.g. atlas axis
- condylar e.g. wrist
- hinge e.g. elbow
- saddle e.g. carpometacarpal joint of thumb
- ball + socket e.g. shoulder
BMA - Exam Semester 2
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