Module 7

Question 1

list 3 sources of drugs

Answer 1

1. micro-organisms
2. plants
3. animals

Question 2

enteral route

Answer 2

When the drug is subjected to first pass metabolism and passes through the gastrointestinal tract eg orally

Question 3

parenteral route

Answer 3

any other route which avoids the gastrointestinal tract and surpasses first pass metabolism. eg injection

Question 4

define pharmacokinetics

Answer 4

how the body effects the drug

Question 5

List the 4 processes of pharmacokinetics

Answer 5

1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Excretion

Question 6

Absorption

Answer 6

unchanged drug moves from site of administration into systemic circulation

Question 7

distribution

Answer 7

process of reversible transfer of a drug b/w one location and another

Question 8

Metabolism

Answer 8

chemical modification of a drug, carried out by enzymes

Question 9

Excretion

Answer 9

irreversible loss of the drug from the body (kidney)

Question 10

elimination

Answer 10

loss of drug from plasma via liver

Question 11

therapeutic range

Answer 11

the range of drug concentrations that has probability of desired effect + low probability of toxic effect

Question 12

what are the 2 concentrations that the therapeutic range sits in between

Answer 12

1. minimum effective concentration

2. minimum toxic concentration

Question 13

drug half life

Answer 13

the time taken for drug concentration to be reduced from 50% of it’s max concentration

Question 14

what does the half life of a drug determine

Answer 14

• duration of action of single dosage

- how often a drug needs to be administered to stay within therapeutic range

Question 15

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 15

how the drug effects the body

Question 16

list the 4 primary protein targets of pharmacodynamics

Answer 16

1. receptors
2. enzymes
3. ion channels
4. carrier proteins

Question 17

receptors - agonist

Answer 17

initiates/ enhances normal response

Question 18

receptors - antagonist

Answer 18

blocks normal response

Question 19

enzymes - competitive inhibitors

Answer 19

drug binds to active site

• substrate can’t bind
• slows/ inhibits enzyme activity

Question 20

enzymes - non competitive inhibitors

Answer 20

drug binds to enzyme, changing the shape

• prevents binding
• enzyme destroyed

Question 21

ion channels

Answer 21

drugs bind or block channels to alter functions of proteins

Question 22

carrier proteins

Answer 22

drugs bind + prevent carrier proteins from moving molecules into the cell

Question 23

Drug Hypersensitivity

Answer 23

• exaggerated response to a drug perceived as foreign

eg allergic reaction

Question 24

Adverse Drug Reactions

Answer 24

an unintended/ undesirable effect

- includes hypersensitivity

Question 25

Drug Interactions (DDI)

Answer 25

occurs when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another

Question 26

Drug Contraindications

Answer 26

are the conditions that determine when a drug should not be prescribed eg pregnancy