Module 8

Question 1

lymph

Answer 1

A white milky protein containing excess IF

Question 2

lymphatic capillaries

Answer 2

• permeable

- endothelial cells

Question 3

lymphatic vessels

Answer 3

carry lymph from peripheral tissues to lymphatic ducts

Question 4

Lymph Nodes

Answer 4

• located along vessels

- contain WBC

Question 5

cytokines

Answer 5

communication molecules

- produced and secreted by WBC

Question 6

White Blood Cells

Answer 6

• neutrophils
• macrophages
• NK cells
• protects body from foreign materials list the 2

Question 7

list the 2 immune defences

Answer 7

1. innate

2. adaptive

Question 8

Innate Defences

Answer 8

• born with

- 2 lines of defence - surface barriers + internal defences

Question 9

Adaptive Defences

Answer 9

• acquired throughout life after contact with bacteria

- 3rd line of defence - immune response

Question 10

Innate Defences - Surface barriers

Answer 10

Physical 
- skin 
- hairs 
- cilia 
- normal flora 
Chemical 
- sweat, saliva, tears 
- sebum 
- mucus 
- gastric juice

Question 11

Innate Defences - Internal Defences

Answer 11

• macrophages + neutrophils
• NK cells
• Interferons
• Complement
• Fever
• Inflammation

Question 12

Macrophages + neutrophils

Answer 12

• migrate
• adhere to foreign materials
• engulf
• internalise
• destroy via enzymes

Question 13

NK Cells

Answer 13

destroy virus infected + cancer cells

• recognise, adhere + destroy
• perforins = create pores
• granzymes = induce apoptosis

Question 14

Interferons

Answer 14

specific cytokines

• inhibit viral replication
• activate macrophages + NK cells to destroy

Question 15

Complement

Answer 15

Large Group of Proteins

• recruit macrophages + neutrophil
• opsonisation = sticky + tasty
• directly destroy via membrane attack complex
• enhances inflammatory response

Question 16

Inflammation

Answer 16

• localises + contains
• disposes of foreign materials
• repairs damaged tissue

Question 17

Fever

Answer 17

• pyrogens = > temperature
• inhibits growth of bacteria
• > cell metabolism = acceleration of immune defences

Question 18

list the adaptive defences

Answer 18

• antigens
• immunocompetence
• immunological memory

Question 19

Antigens

Answer 19

activate the body’s adaptive defences

activate:
- T cells
- B cells
- Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)

Question 20

APC cells

Answer 20

are macrophages that phagocytose + present fragments to T cells

Question 21

Role of T cells and B cells

Answer 21

activate immune response

Question 22

immunocompetence

Answer 22

enables T & B Cells to recognise a specific antigen via unique surface receptors

Question 23

Self Tolerance

Answer 23

recognises self from non self antigens

Question 24

where do B cells mature

Answer 24

bone marrow

Question 25

where do T cells mature

Answer 25

thymus

Question 26

memory cells

Answer 26

- remember antigen - inactive until antigen re appears - launches faster + stronger counter attack = secondary immune response

Question 27

list the 4 defence mechanisms involved in a cellular immune response

Answer 27

1. neutralisation 2. agglutination 3. precipitation 4. Complement fixation + activation

Question 28

neutralisation

Answer 28

binding of antibodies to antigens to prevent cellular attachment

Question 29

agglutination

Answer 29

form large antigen-antibody complex by binding multiple cellular antigens

Question 30

precipitation

Answer 30

large antigen - antibody complex by binding multiple soluble antigens

Question 31

Complement fixation + activation

Answer 31

antibodies bound to cellular antigen to fix and activate complement proteins. To create holes and enhance phagocytosis via opsinisation

Question 32

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Answer 32

no T helper cells = no immune response

Question 33

Autoimmune disease

Answer 33

the bodys immune defences targets the bodys own cells and tissues (self reactive B cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete self reactive antibodies)

Question 34

hypersensitivities

Answer 34

the bodys immune defences respond to a harmless antigen perceived as a threat

Question 35

Anaphylactic Shock

Answer 35

systemic response to an antigen - mast cells + basophils release histamine - treatment: adrenalin = broncho dilation + vasoconstriction = > BP

Question 36

what are hypersensitivities mediated by

Answer 36

IgE = histamine

Question 37

Primary Immune Response

Answer 37

- first antigen encounter | - does not protect from illness

Question 38

Antibodies involved in primary immune response

Answer 38

IgG | IgM

Question 39

Secondary Immune response

Answer 39

- activate memory T + B cells - subsequent antigen encounter - produces large amounts of IgG

Question 40

Cellular Immune Response (first part before division into humoral or cellular)

Answer 40

- Antigen - APC cells engulf + present antigen - Antigen specific Helper T cells proliferate - memory cells + active cells - actie cells secrete cytokines - cytokines produce either: innate defence, or help active humoral or cellular immune response

Question 41

Cellular Immune Response

Answer 41

- Antigen Specific Cytotoxic Cells proliferate - memory cells and active cells - active cells release Perforins + Granzymes - induces target cell apoptosis

Question 42

Cellular Immune response - Humoral immune response

Answer 42

- Antigen Specific B cells proliferate + differentiate - memory cells and plasma cells plasma cells secrete - antigen specific antibodies - defence mechanisms tag