1
Q
list the 6 structures of the digestive tract
A
- mouth
- pharynx
- oesophagus
- large intestine
- stomach
- small intestine
2
Q
list the 6 digestive processes
A
- ingestion
- propulsion
- mechanical digestion
- chemical digestion
- absorption
- defecation
3
Q
list the 4 accessory organs of the digestive system
A
- teeth + tongue
- salivary glands
- gall bladder
- pancreas
4
Q
ingestion
A
taking food into digestive tract
5
Q
propulsion
A
moving food through digestive tract
6
Q
peristalsis
A
muscle contraction
7
Q
mechanical digestion
A
physically breaking up food
mouth, stomach, small intestine
8
Q
chemical digestion
A
enzymes break down food complexes
mouth to small intestine
9
Q
absorption
A
passage of digested and products from tract into blood or lymph
10
Q
structure of oral cavity
A
sratified squamous cells to protect
11
Q
processes the oral cavity performs
A
- ingestion
- propulsion
- mechanical digestion
- chemical digestion
12
Q
structure of pharynx + oesophagus
A
no adaptations
13
Q
processes the pharynx + oesophagus performs
A
propulsion
14
Q
structure of the stomach
A
- epithelial tissue arranged into gastric pits
- additional oblique layer of muscle for pummelling food + forcing chyme into duodenum
15
Q
processes the stomach performs
A
- propulsion
- absorption
- chemical digestion of proteins
16
Q
structural adaptations of the small intestine
A
- circular folds
- villi
- microvilli
17
Q
processes the small intestine performs
A
- propulsion
- mechanical digestion
- chemical digestion
- nutrient absorption
18
Q
structural adaptations of the large intestine
A
- epithelium rich in mucus to ease passage of faeces
- protect from acids + gases
19
Q
processes the large intestine performs
A
- absorption (water + electrolytes)
- propulsion
- chemical digestion
20
Q
list the layers of the tissues of digestive system (4)
A
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis externa
- serosa
21
Q
mucosa
A
- innermost layer
- rich in secretory cells
- capillaries for absorption
- smooth muscle layer
- lymphoid follicles for immunity
- secrete, absorb, protect
22
Q
submucosa
A
- external to mucosa
- stretch + recoil
- vessels for absorption, and transport of lipids
- lymphoid tissue for immunity
23
Q
muscularis externa
A
- surrounds submucosa
- inner circular, outer longitudinal muscle
- inner circular = sphincters to control passage of food
- responsible for peristalsis, segmentation
24
Q
serosa
A
- outermost layer
- protects digestive tract
- anchors tract within peritoneal cavity
25
3 factors of the mucosal barrier
1. bicarbonate rich fluid under insoluble mucus
2. mucosal epithelial cells
3. damaged mucosal epithelial cells shed + replace
26
what do gastric pits produce
- HCI
- Pepsin
- Mucus
- Hormones
27
structural divisions of the small intestine (3)
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum
28
duodenum
curls around pancreas
- receives bile + pancreatic juice for chemical digestion
29
jejunum
- mechanical and chemical digestion
| - absorption
30
ileum
ends at large intestine
31
nutrient absorption - circular folds
- deep folds of mucosa + submucosa
| - slows movement of chyme to increase absorption
32
nutrient absorption - villi
- finger like
- absorptive epithelial cells
- capillary bed + lacteal
33
nutrient absorption - microvilli
- densely packed villi on surface of epithelial cells = brush border
34
what do brush border enzymes complete the digestion of
- carbs
- proteins
- nucleic acid
35
defection reflex
1. stretch of rectal walls
2. spinal reflex initiated
3. voluntary motor neurons allowing external anal sphincter to relax
36
role of enteric flora of the large intestine
- metabolises mucus
| - synthesizes vitamin B + K
37
what does saliva help to digest
- carbs
| - bolus forms
38
function of bile
emulsifies fats
| produced by liver + stalled in gall bladder
39
function of pancreatic juice
alkaline to neutralise chyme, containing enzymes
40
what does pepsin digest + its location
- proteins
| - located in stomach
41
what does pancreatic amylases digest + its location
- carbs
| - duodenum
42
what does pancreatic proteases digest + its location
- proteins
| - duodenum
43
what does pancreatic lipases digest and its location
- lipids
| - small intestine
44
what does pancreatic nucleases digest + its location
- nucleic acid
| - small intestine
45
define metabolism
the sum total of the chemical reactions occurring in an organism
46
define anabolism
the reactions that build larger molecules from smaller ones
47
define catabolism
reactions that break down complex structures into smaller ones
48
metabolic rate
the energy the body uses to drive metabolsim
49
basal metabolic rate
the energy the body uses to perform only essential activities
50
cellular respiration
biochemical processes that lead to the production of ATP
51
glycolysis
- anaerobic
| - 1 molecule broken in half to become 2 (pyruvate)
52
tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle)
- occurs in mitochondria
| - pyruvate converted into energy
53
electron transport chain
- occurs in mitochondria
- aerobic
- H+ ions produced by TCA cycle = chemical reactions = ATP
54
Metabolism - Absorptive state
when nutrients are in abundance (during and for after 4 hours of eating) anabolism exceeds catabolism and nutrients are stored
55
Absorptive State - Glucose - Immediate and excess use
Immediate: produces ATP
Excess: glycogen - stored in liver and skeletal muscles
56
Absorptive State - Amino Acids - immediate and excess use
Immediate: protein synthesis + produces ATP if necessary
Excess: converted to trigylicerides
57
Absorptive state - Glycerol & fatty Acids - Immediate & Excess Use
Immediate : produce ATP if needed
| Excess: stored as triglycerides
58
Metabolism - Post Absorptive State
when no food is being digested + body reserves must be broken down to provide nutrients; catabolism exceeds anabolism
59
glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen into glucose in liver + skeletal muscles
60
gluconeogensis
production of new glucose
61
which hormone is used to maintain fasting blood glucose levels
glucagon
BMA - Exam Semester 2
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