Module 15 (Bone Pathology)

Question 1

Ewing sarcoma

Answer 1

rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occurring in children

Question 2

exostosis

Answer 2

bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone

Question 3

Osteochondromas

Answer 3

(composed of cartilage and bone) are benign growth of tissues on bone, usually found on the metaphyses of long bones near the epiphyseal plates. Ex- means out; -ostosis is condition of bones.

Question 4

bunion

Answer 4

swelling of the metatarsophalangeal joint near the base of the big toe and is accompanied by the buildup of soft tissue and underlying bone at the distal medial aspect of the first metatarsal.

Question 5

fracture

Answer 5

traumatic breaking of a bone
Closed fracture: Bone is broken w no open wound in skin
Compound (open) fracture: Bone is broken and a fragment of bone protrudes through an open wound in skin
Crepitus is the crackling sound produced when ends of bones rub each other or rub against roughened cartilage. Figure 15-14B illustrates different types of fractures.
Treatment of fractures involves reduction, which is restoration of the bone to its normal position. A closed reduction is manipulative reduction without a surgical incision; in an open reduction, an incision is made for access to the fracture site. A cast (solid mold of the body part) is applied to fractures to immobilize the injured bone after a closed reduction. The abbreviation ORIF means open reduction/internal fixation. Often this involves insertion of metal plates, screws, rods, or pins to stabilize the bone

Question 6

osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma)

Answer 6

malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, found primarily in children and adolescents
Osteoblasts multiply, forming large, bony tumors, especially at the ends of long bones (half of the lesions are located just below or just above the knee) (Figure 15-16). Metastasis (spread of tumor) takes place through the bloodstream, often affecting the lungs. Surgical resection followed by chemotherapy improves the survival rate.
Malignant tumors from other parts of the body (breast, prostate, lung, thyroid gland, and kidney) that metastasize to bones are metastatic bone lesions.

Question 7

osteomalacia

Answer 7

Softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone.
Osteomalacia occurs primarily as a disease of infancy and childhood and is then known as rickets. Bones fail to receive adequate amounts of calcium and phosphorus; they become soft, bend easily, and become deformed.
In affected patients, vitamin D is deficient in the diet, which prevents calcium and phosphorus from being absorbed into the bloodstream from the intestines. Vitamin D is also formed by the action of sunlight on certain compounds (such as cholesterol) in the skin; thus, rickets is more common in large, smoky cities during the winter months.
Treatment most often consists of administration of large daily doses of vitamin D and an increase in dietary intake of calcium and phosphorus. Exposure to sunlight can also be helpful.

Question 8

osteomyelitis

Answer 8

inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection.
bacteria enter the body through a wound and infect the bone. Children are affected most often, and infection usually occurs near the ends of long bones of legs and arms. Adults are affected too, usually as the result of an open fracture.
The lesion begins as an inflammation with pus collection. Pus tends to spread down the medullary cavity and outward to the periosteum. Antibiotic therapy corrects the condition if the infection is treated quickly. If treatment is delayed, an abscess can form. An abscess is a walled-off area of infection that is difficult to penetrate with antibiotics. Surgical drainage usually is necessary.

Question 9

osteoporosis

Answer 9

decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of bone
Osteopenia is a condition in which bone mineral density is lower than normal. In some cases, it is a precursor to osteoporosis. In osteoporosis, the interior of bones is diminished in structure, as if the steel skeleton of a building had rusted and deteriorated (Figure 15-17). The condition commonly occurs in older women as a consequence of estrogen deficiency with menopause. Lack of estrogen promotes excessive bone resorption (osteoclast activity) and less bone deposition. Weakened bones are subject to fracture (common in the hip and spine); loss of height and kyphosis occur as vertebrae collapse (Figure 15-18).
Osteoporosis can occur with atrophy caused by disuse, as in a limb that is in a cast, in the legs of a person with paraplegia, or in a bedridden patient. It also may occur in men as part of the aging process and in patients who have received corticosteroids (medication used to treat inflammatory conditions).
Treatment and prevention of osteoporosis are critical to maintaining strong bones and avoiding fractures of the spine, hip, or wrist.

Question 10

talipes

Answer 10

Congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus)
Talipes (Latin talus = ankle, pes = foot) is a congenital anomaly. The most common form is talipes equinovarus (equin/o = horse), or clubfoot. The infant cannot stand with the sole of the foot flat on the ground. The defect can be corrected by applying orthopedic casts in the early months of infancy or, if that fails, by surgery.

Question 11

Spinal Disc herniation

Answer 11

Tear in disc causes portion of disc to bulge out into the neutral canal