1
Q
Microscopic Description of Calcification
A
Deposited Ca salts are darkly basophilic and breaks into fragments in affected
tissues, the cut surface have a gritty texture
2
Q
Causes of Calcification
A
• Hypervitaminosis
• Hyperparathyroidism
3
Q
• Deposition of uric acid and urate crystals in soft tissues due to defects in purine
metabolism
• More common in humans and birds.
A
gout
4
Q
2 types of pigments
A
Exogenous pigments
Endogenous pigments
5
Q
Examples of Exogenous Pigments
A
A. Coarse Materials - dust, carbon, silica, asbestos
B. Metals – silver, bismuth, gold, lead, iron
C. Colored Substances – carotene, tetracycline, kaolin, tattooing inks
D. Fungi – Monilia, Aspergilli
6
Q
Conditions due to Coarse Materials
A
- Anthracosis
- Pneumoconiosis
7
Q
Gross Description of Anthracosis
A
• When carbon particles are present in large amounts, it results to a mauled appearance or a black and gray color of affected lungs.
• Usually affects the central lobes of the lung
• Lymph nodes usually appear dark in color
8
Q
Microscopic Description of Anthracosis
A
• Carbon is seen as black granules in cells or in between cells.
• In the lungs, it is seen in the alveolar and bronchial walls, in the tissue septa and within macrophages
• In lymph nodes, it is bound between lymphoid cells or it may be carried by mononuclear cells to other parts of the body
9
Q
effects of anthracosis
A
• Considered to be harmless or negligible when present in small amounts; show no symptoms but remain in the lung tissue throughout life.
• When present in large amounts, can cause fibrosis and predisposes lung to pulmonary infection.
10
Q
• This condition results from inhalation of mineral dusts
• Mineral dusts, when inhaled leave particles in lung tissues
• Common cause of chronic interstitial pneumonia in animals and humans
A
pneumoconiosis
11
Q
Mineral dusts, when inhaled leave particles in lung tissues
A
pneumoconiosis
12
Q
Gross Description of Silicosis
A
The lungs are nodular and firm. They may be pigmented due to concurrent anthracosis
13
Q
The lungs are nodular and firm. They may be pigmented due to concurrent anthracosis
A
silicosis
14
Q
Seen in tissues as fine crystals; they stimulate fibrous tissue proliferation and form hard/ fibrotic nodules
A
silicosis
15
Q
Effects of silicosis
A
• In horses, it is a cause of chronic interstitial pneumonia
16
Q
• Inhalation of iron dusts
• Often accompanies silicosis
A
Siderosis
17
Q
Inhalation of asbestos from asbestos factories
A
Asbestosis
18
Q
• Deposition of organic silver in tissues
• Silver was formerly used in the treatment of various infections
A
argyria
19
Q
was formerly used as a contrast media for radiographic
examination
A
bismuth
20
Q
carotene and xanthophylls may occur in?
A
- egg yolk, yellow body fat of Jersey and Guernsey cattle
- lutein cells of corpora luteum
21
Q
• A type of clay obtained from aluminous materials; cause kaolinosis in man
A
kaolin
22
Q
• An old form of medication in animals
A
kaolin
23
Q
is usually deposited in pharyngeal and neck tissues that cause granuloma subcutaneously due to excessive administration of _____ containing preparations for gastrointestinal diseases
A
kaolin
24
Q
other term for monilia
A
Candida albicans
25
Characterized by a white pseudomembrane on tongue, esophagus and stomach
Monilia (Candida albicans)
26
pigments produced in the body due to altered metabolism of breakdown products of hemoglobin, melanin and fat
endogenous pigments
27
3 examples of endogenous pigments
1. Hemoglobin derivatives
2. Melanin pigment
3. Lipid Derived Pigments or Tissue Lipofuscins
28
• Are iron negative pigments
• Are of little pathological significance in tissues but are an indication of poor processing techniques and solutions used in tissue fixations
hematins
29
3 causes of hematin
a) Exposure of hemoglobin to acids
b) Presence of parasites in the blood
c) Trauma to tissues
30
4 examples of hemoglobin derivatives
hematins
hemosiderin
haematoidin or bilirubin
porphyrins
31
Are iron containing pigments also known as ferritin (the storage form of iron)
hemosiderin
32
hemosiderin is also known as
ferritin
33
the storage form of iron
ferritin
34
A brown pigment seen in large quantities in the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system such as the spleen, Kupffer cells in the liver and bone marrow
hemosiderin
35
hemosiderin can be seen in the?
- cells of reticulo-endothelial system like spleen
- Kupffer cells in the liver and bone marrow
36
hemosiderin is seen in:
a) Cases of trauma and excessive hemorrhage
b) In RBC hemolysis (e.g. hemolytic anemia)
c) Chronic left sided heart failure
where there is passive congestion so that RBCs go to the lung alveoli and be phagocytized by macrophages; macrophages will later have a brown color and are called “heart failure” cells. Their presence in large number gives the lung a brownish color which is visible grossly
37
Chronic left sided heart failure where there is passive congestion so that RBCs go to the lung alveoli and be phagocytized by macrophages; macrophages will later have a brown color and are called “_____ _____”
cells. Their presence in large number gives the _____ a brownish color which is visible grossly
heart failure, lung
38
Gross Description of Hemosiderin
• Are not visible grossly when present in small amounts.
• When present in large quantities, results to brownish color of tissues
39
Microscopic Description of Hemosiderin
• Glistening golden colored spherical structures that are in clumps outside macrophages
40
• Glistening golden colored spherical structures that are in clumps outside macrophages
hemosiderin
41
• Present in tissues following excessive hemorrhage or hemolysis and failure of the liver to conjugate bilirubin into bile and/or secrete bile
• Occurs in association with jaundice (yellowing of tissues because of excessive levels of bilirubin in plasma)
haematoidin or bilirubin
42
Present in tissues following excessive hemorrhage or hemolysis and failure of the liver to conjugate bilirubin into bile and/or secrete bile
haematoidin or bilirubin
43
• Occurs in association with jaundice (yellowing of tissues because of excessive
pevels of bilirubin in plasma)
haematoidin or bilirubin
44
(yellowing of tissues because of excessive levels of bilirubin in plasma)
jaundice
45
_____ pigments may accumulate in the blood; porphyria cause pigmentation of tissues, jaundice and photosensitization
porphyrins
46
Porphyrin pigments may accumulate in the _____; _____ cause pigmentation of tissues, jaundice and photosensitization
blood, porphyria
47
Caused by a defect in hemoglobin formation such as in congenital porphyria
porphyrins
48
example of defect in hemoglobin formation
congenital porphyria
49
In congenital porphyria, lesions such as:
a) Edema and inflammation are observed in non-pigmented areas of the skin (photosensitization dermatitis in cattle)
b) Staining of teeth and bones of cattle making them red in color when the pigment accumulates in these structures (pink-tooth)
c) Results to dark color of urine
50
Edema and inflammation are observed in non-pigmented areas of the skin
photosensitization dermatitis in cattle
51
Staining of teeth and bones of cattle making them red in color when the pigment accumulates in these structures
pink-tooth
52
In congenital porphyria, lesions such as:
a) _____ and ______ are observed in non-pigmented areas of the skin (photosensitization dermatitis in cattle)
b) Staining of _____ and _____ of cattle making them _____ in color when the pigment accumulates in these structures (pink-tooth)
c) Results to _____ _____ of urine
a) Edema and inflammation are observed in non-pigmented areas of the skin (photosensitization dermatitis in cattle)
b) Staining of teeth and bones of cattle making them red in color when the pigment accumulates in these structures (pink-tooth)
c) Results to dark color of urine
53
Also associated in some disease conditions following ingestion of toxic plants ( _____ is formed following breakdown of chlorophyll in plants)
porphyrins
54
is photoreceptive and produce photosensitization when animal is exposed to sunlight because it can activate some processes (e.g. production of toxic oxygen tree radicals) that can cause peroxidation of lipid membranes
porphyrins
55
Responsible for brownish black color of the hair, skin, hoof and iris of the eye
melanin pigment
56
melanin pigment is produced by?
melanocytes
57
Abnormal deposition of the pigment in tissues like the pleura, heart, lungs, aorta, and the meninges is termed _____
melanosis
58
2 Pathological conditions with excessive melanin formation
melanomas
acanthosis nigricans
59
tumors of melanocytes; often affects the skin also the oral cavity and eye of dogs, horses and pigs
melanomas
60
a result of hormonal imbalance; results to thickened,
wrinkled and darkly pigmented skin
acanthosis nigricans
61
pathological absence of melanin; a congenital defect
albinism
62
Microscopic Description of Melanin Ligment
• Seen as minute, rounded granules of light or dark brown color, located in the cytoplasm of cells
• In the skin, it is observed in the cytoplasm of the basal and adjoining cells of the epidermis
63
• Seen as minute, rounded granules of light or dark brown color, located in the cytoplasm of cells
melanin pigment
64
• In the skin, it is observed in the cytoplasm of the basal and adjoining cells of the epidermis
melanin pigment
65
Also known by other names like “wear and tear pigment”, “Ceroid”, “Pigment of Brown Atrophy”, “Lipochrome”, Abnutzen pigment
Lipid Derived Pigments or Tissue Lipofuscins
66
other name of Lipid Derived Pigments or Tissue Lipofuscins
wear and tear pigment
Ceroid
Pigment of Brown Atrophy
Lipochrome
Abnutzen pigment
67
Seen in tissues or organs of old or mature animals as brown pigment or yellowish-brown granules in the cytoplasm of parenchymal cells
Lipid Derived Pigments or Tissue Lipofuscins
68
They represent partially degraded lysosome-bound indigestible residues of autophagic vacuoles in cells
Lipid Derived Pigments or Tissue Lipofuscins
69
In dogs, Vit. E deficiency enhances lipofuscin pigment formation and thus called “_____” seen in smooth muscles of the intestines, visible grossly and is termed “_____ ______ ______”
In dogs, Vit. E deficiency enhances lipofuscin pigment formation and thus called “Vit. E pigment” seen in smooth muscles of the intestines, visible grossly and is termed “brown dog gut”
70
It is recognized by changes in cells or tissues particularly of the nucleus, cytoplasm or the whole cell may show changes
necrosis
71
Gross characteristics of necrosis:
a. Loss of color or paleness of tissue
b. Loss of strength and the necrotic tissue becomes soft and friable
c. Presence of a distinct zone of demarcation between the necrotic and viable tissue
72
Microscopic Description of Zenker necrosis or Zenker degeneration
• Swollen muscle fibers with homogenous and hyaline texture
• With acidophilic cytoplasm; small and dark nuclei
• Myofibrils are not visible
73
Gross Description of Zenker necrosis or Zenker degeneration
Muscle is white or pale; shiny or maybe swollen
74
characterized by the presence of friable, cheesy or pasty
amorphous material in necrotic areas due to an agent that caused severe or local destruction to tissues; usually seen in tuberculosis lesions
Caseation Necrosis
75
Caseation Necrosis is usually seen in
tuberculosis lesions
76
necrosis with accumulation of fibrinoid in connective tissues and blood vessel walls
Fibrinoid necrosis
77
when necrotic tissue is invaded by saprophytic organism and usually putrefactive bacteria
Gangrenous Necrosis/Gangrene
78
affects tissues following deprivation of blood supply and in tissues accessible to air-borne bacteria e.g. limbs, ears, tail, mammary glands, lungs, and intestines
Gangrenous Necrosis/Gangrene
79
Microscopic Description of Gangrenous Necrosis/Gangrene
• Presence of necrotic tissues with the saprophytic organisms
• Most organisms involved are gas formers; the gangrenous tissue contains gas bubbles and are seen as empty spaces with different sizes
80
Gross Description of Gangrenous Necrosis/Gangrene:
• Gangrenous areas are separated form living tissues by a line of demarcation; visible grossly as swollen, reddish or bluish zone of hyperemia or inflammation
81
• Has a foul, putrefactive odor; hemorrhage and edema are present in and around the lesion
Wet Gangrene or Moist Gangrene
82
• Often deadly because it can result to toxemia or rupture of affected tissue due to the presence of fluid and gas
Wet Gangrene or Moist Gangrene
83
Causes of Wet Gangrene or Moist Gangrene
a. In the lungs – due to acute aspiration pneumonia
b. In the intestines – a result of blockade of blood supply and is seen in colic in horses
c. Mammary glands – initially due to the presence of staphylococcus organisms followed by necrosis and the invasion of saprophytic organisms
84
It is the usual mechanism when the dead cells in an affected area is small or when larger number of cells or tissue masses are present, they may be eliminated in the
same manner gradually
Liquefaction or removal of the fluid via blood or lymph drainage
85
When dead tissues contain less moisture or water, they may undergo caseous or coagulative necrosis
Encapsulation with no liquefaction
86
• Dead epithelium or surface cells desquamate or fall off
• Clumping of desquamated epithelial cells in the lumen of glands, ducts and intestinal lumen
• Larger and deeper layers of tissues may also slough off
Desquamation or Sloughing
87
Dead epithelium or surface cells desquamate or fall off
Desquamation or Sloughing
88
Clumping of desquamated epithelial cells in the lumen of glands, ducts and intestinal lumen
Desquamation or Sloughing
89
Occurs following abscess formation, encapsulation, cyst formation, infarction
scar formation
90
Factors that influence the effects of necrosis on the host:
a. Type of cells involved
b. Location of tissue involved
c. Number of cells affected
d. Rate at which cells are affected
91
Refers to the pathological deposition of calcium salts in cells and tissues
calcification
92
2 types of calcification
1. dystrophic calcification
2. metastatic calcification
93
occurs because of ionized Ca in the blood due to
excessive mobilization of Ca from the skeleton – results to Ca Deposits on basement membranes of organs and in arteries – also called “Calcinosis”
Metastatic Calcification
94
gout is common in what species
humans and birds
95
are colored substances, some of which are normal cellular constituents while some may accumulate due to abnormal conditions
pigments
96
pigments formed outside the body
exogenous pigments
97
• A condition due to inhalation of carbon particles, carbon being the most common exogenous pigment seen in tissues
• Carbon particles are seen as black pigments in the lungs and lymph nodes and may be carried to other organs by phagocytes
• It is common in dogs in urban areas and in animals and man working or living
near coal mines.
• Prolonged exposure can result to grossly visible lesions
anthracosis
98
A condition due to inhalation of carbon particles, carbon being the most common exogenous pigment seen in tissues
anthracosis
99
Carbon particles are seen as black pigments in the lungs and lymph nodes and may be carried to other organs by phagocytes
anthracosis
100
It is common in dogs in urban areas and in animals and man working or living near coal mines.
anthracosis
101
anthracosis is common in what species?
dogs - urban areas
man and animals - coral mines
102
• Usually affects the central lobes of the lung
• Lymph nodes usually appear dark in color
anthracosis
103
In the lungs, it is seen in the alveolar and bronchial walls, in the tissue septa and within macrophages
anthracosis
104
In lymph nodes, it is bound between lymphoid cells or it may be carried by mononuclear cells to other parts of the body
anthracosis
105
This condition results from inhalation of mineral dusts
pneumoconiosis
106
Common cause of chronic interstitial pneumonia in animals and humans
pneumoconiosis
107
Specific Types of Pneumoconiosis:
Silicosis
Siderosis
Asbestosis
108
• Inhalation of silicon dioxide
• Common in people or animals working in rock quarries and mines.
silicosis
109
Microscopic Description of Silicosis
Seen in tissues as fine crystals; they stimulate fibrous tissue proliferation and form hard/ fibrotic nodules
110
3 examples of metals
argyria
lead
bismuth
111
• Chronic poisoning due to prolonged ingestion of small amounts resulted to
a blue-black discoloration to the gums
• In animals, chronic _____ poisoning can occur due to ingestion contaminated pasture and water
lead
112
• Appears as faint gray-black pigment in the form of minute granules within or in between cells
• _____ was formerly used as a contrast media for radiographic examination
bismuth
113
4 examples of Colored Substances
Carotene and xanthophylls
Tetracyclines
Tattooing ink
Kaolin
114
• Are greenish-yellow in color; comes from plants and are fat soluble
• May occur normally in tissues e.g. egg yolk, yellow body fat of Jersey and Guernsey cattle and lutein cells of corpora luteum
carotene and xanthophylls
115
•When administered in young animals or in pregnant animals, results to
pigmentation or developing teeth and bones with a grayish color
Tetracyclines
116
example of tattooing ink
india ink
117
• A type of clay obtained from aluminous materials; cause _____osis in man
• An old form of medication in animals
• _____ is usually deposited in pharyngeal and neck tissues that cause granuloma subcutaneously due to excessive administration of _____
containing preparations for gastrointestinal diseases
kaolin
118
3 examples of necrobiosis
1. RBC’s (variable life span depending on species of animal) turnover starts when their Hb molecules begin to participate and new Hb will be produced by the bone marrow to replace the dying RBCs
2. Epithelial cells of the intestines are replaced by new cells that come from the crypts or base of the intestinal glands
3. Keratinization of epidermal cells of the skin starts when cells are filled with keratin and the nuclei disappear and the cells will then fall off form the skin surface.
119
The dead cell fragments; fragmented parts are phagocytosed by surrounding viable cells before they can stimulate an inflammatory reaction
apoptosis
120
Death of cells or tissues following injury
necrosis
121
It is the final stage of irreversible cellular degeneration
necrosis
122
A result of persistent injury so that the injured cell is no longer capable of restoring normal structure and function and death occurs
necrosis
123
Involves pathological processes and effects
necrosis
124
Pyknosis or the condensation or chromatin and shrinkage of the nucleus:
• Nucleus is ____ in size and ____ in shape
• Absence of ____ ____, ____ and other internal structures of nuclei
• A common sign of ____ and is one of the earliest changes observed in necrotic cells
• ____ nuclei will eventually ____
• Nucleus is smaller in size and round in shape
• Absence of chromatin granules, nucleolus and other internal structures of nuclei
• A common sign of necrosis and is one of the earliest changes observed in necrotic cells
• Dead nuclei will eventually disappear
125
fragmentation of the nucleus into several pieces due to
sudden and more severe injury
karyorrhexis
126
dissolution of the nucleus/nuclear material so that the nucleus appears as a hollow, large, spherical form due to the remaining nuclear membrane
karyolysis
127
Changes in the cytoplasm (cellular characteristic of necrosis)
a. eosinophilia
b. opacification due to denaturation of protein in cytoplasm
c. positive staining with vital dyes reflecting abnormal membrane permeability
d. cytoplasmolysis
128
Ultra-structural changes in cells (cellular characteristic of necrosis
a. Progressive loss of nuclear chromatin
b. Focal rupture of the nuclear membrane
c. Damage or breakdown of the plasmalemma
d. Development of precipitates or deposits in the mitochondria
129
Biochemical changes in necrotic cells:
a. Decrease in intracellular pH due to altered metabolism in dying cells
b. Cessation of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria leading to further decrease in pH
c. Depletion of ATP and disruption of Na-K pump
d. Influx of Na and efflux of K
e. Water goes inside the cell= increase osmotic pressure
f. Disruption of organelles; release of enzymes presents in lysosomes
g. Denaturation of CHON and lysis of cell
130
a result of rupture fat cells due to trauma
Traumatic fat necrosis
131
characterized by loss of striations in muscles following necrosis (a type of coagulative necrosis in striated muscles
Zenker necrosis or Zenker degeneration
132
2 Forms of Gangrene
a. Wet Gangrene or Moist Gangrene
b. Dry Gangrene
133
• Affects tissues in rich blood supply
Wet Gangrene or Moist Gangrene
134
• The affected area is swollen, soft, pulpy and dark or black in color
Wet Gangrene or Moist Gangrene
135
Occurs in tissues with limited content of blood and fluid due to evaporation
dry gangrene
136
Due to ischemia as in freezing or vasoconstriction due to tight bandages and casts
dry gangrene
137
what parts are usually affected by dry gangrene
tail, ears and limbs
138
a form of coagulative necrosis resulting from a sudden deprivation of blood supply
Infarct
139
Necrotic tissues may be eliminated by the body in any of the following mechanisms:
a. Liquefaction or removal of the fluid via blood or lymph drainage
b. Liquefaction followed by encapsulation of fluid in a cyst
c. Liquefaction accompanied by abscess formation
d. Encapsulation with no liquefaction
e. Desquamation or Sloughing
f. Scar formation
g. Calcification
h. Gangrene
i. Atrophy
j. Regeneration
140
• It is usual mechanism of elimination of tissues in the CNS
Liquefaction or removal of the fluid via blood or lymph drainage
141
this takes place when fluid accumulation is faster than fluid drainage
Liquefaction followed by encapsulation of fluid in a cyst
142
• Occurs with the presence of pyogenic bacteria and results to purulent exudation
Liquefaction accompanied by abscess formation
143
• The abscess may rupture and the pus may exude to surrounding tissues
Liquefaction accompanied by abscess formation
144
The presence of necrotic tissue serves as an irritant and initiates an inflammatory reaction to the surrounding normal and viable tissues
Encapsulation with no liquefaction
145
a fibrous capsule will isolate the necrotic tissue e.g. tubercles and encapsulated dead parasites
Encapsulation with no liquefaction
146
Larger and deeper layers of tissues may also slough off
Desquamation or Sloughing
147
When a necrotic tissue is converted into a sandy mass to make the tissue inert and harmless
Calcification
148
When necrotic tissue is exposed to oxygen allowing saprophytic bacteria to multiply
Gangrene
149
– decrease in size of tissue
• A natural sequel to necrosis due to loss of cells
atrophy
150
• Formation of new cells as replacement for dead cells
regeneration
151
regeneration is seen in
epithelial surfaces, liver and kidney, cells lining the alveoli
152
occurs when Ca salts are deposited in degenerate
and necrotic cells and tissues
dystrophic calcification
153
Ca Deposits on basement membranes of organs and in arteries
calcinosis
154
in what organs does anthracosis can be seen
lungs and lymph nodes
155
When carbon particles are present in large amounts, it results to a mauled appearance or a black and gray color of affected lungs.
anthracosis
156
Carbon is seen as black granules in cells or in between cells
anthracosis
157
• Usually inert and produce no tissue reaction
Tattooing Ink
158
occurs normally or in associated with pathological conditions.
cell death
159
3 modes of cell death
1. Necrobiosis
2. Apoptosis
3. Necrosis
160
necrobiosis and apoptosis are considered part of the normal homeostatic mechanisms of
the body in order to:
a. Regulate cell population
b. Renew cells
c. “fine tune” organs
161
pathological condition
necrosis
162
any ______ ______ can hasten cell death
disease process
163
Refers to the entire process of cellular degeneration and death
necrobiosis
164
programmed cell death
necrobiosis
165
Involves death of individual cells or a group of cells upon
necrobiosis
166
Dead cells are then replaced by similar type of cells after mitosis and meiosis
necrobiosis
167
Does not affect cell function and has no pathological effect
necrobiosis
168
example of embryonic morphogenesis
deletion or interdigital tissues in developing chicks
169
examples of pathological states
death of cells following exposure to radiation and radiomimetic cytotoxic drugs, in malignant neoplasms and in cell mediated immunity (CMI)
170
Like necrobiosis, _____ occurs unnoticed and gives no pathological effect
apoptosis
171
Fragmented parts of the apoptotic cell are called
acidophil
172
in hepatitis, fragmented parts of the apoptotic cell are called
councilman's bodies
173
in some skin order, fragmented parts of the apoptotic cell are called
ghost cells
174
Rapid death of certain parts of an organism
necrosis
175
Cellular characteristics of Necrosis:
1. Changes in the nucleus
2. Changes in the cytoplasm
3. Ultra-structural changes in cells
176
Changes in the nucleus (cellular characteristic of necrosis)
a. Swelling and clumping of chromatin
b. Pyknosis
c. Karyorrhexis
d. Karyolysis
e. Complete absence of nucleus = cell death
177
the condensation or chromatin and shrinkage of the nucleus
pyknosis
178
cytoplasm takes acid stain/dye and becomes dark pink or red in color
eosinophilia
179
lysis of the cytoplasm so that it has vacuolated
appearance
cytoplasmolysis
180
are enzymes which when released form liver cells suggest liver
disease
SGPT or SGOT
181
____ and _____ _____ molecules released from dead cells to go to the circulation and when detected in high levels in the serum indicates ____ _____
Enzymes and denatured protein molecules released from dead cells to go to the circulation and when detected in high levels in the serum indicates disease condition
182
The released of various substances from cells may also stimulate ____
inflammation
183
2 Basic Types of Necrosis
1. Coagulative Necrosis
2. Liquefactive or Lytic Necrosis
184
• Characterized by the presence of identifiable gross and microscopic architecture of cells and tissues
• Microscopically, the cell nucleus, cytoplasm, cell outline and arrangement in the necrotic tissue are still intact
• Grossly, it is difficult to detect except when a large area is involved and there is a change in the tissue color
coagulative necrosis
185
• Characterized by the presence of identifiable gross and microscopic architecture of cells and tissues
coagulative necrosis
186
• Microscopically, the cell nucleus, cytoplasm, cell outline and arrangement in the necrotic tissue are still intact
coagulative necrosis
187
• Grossly, it is difficult to detect except when a large area is involved and there is a change in the tissue color
coagulative necrosis
188
Causes of coagulative necrosis
a. Acute disease conditions e.g. acute toxicities due to chemical or biological toxins
b. Sudden deprivation in blood supply as in blood flow obstruction to a tissue
189
Characterized by rapid enzymatic dissolution of the cell resulting to complete cell destruction; also called colliquative necrosis
Liquefactive or Lytic Necrosis
190
other name of Liquefactive or Lytic Necrosis
colliquative necrosis
191
Seen in bacterial infections that result to pus formation when proteolytic enzymes form leukocytes are released
Liquefactive or Lytic Necrosis
192
is a result of liquefactive necrosis
pus
193
6 Special Forms of Necrosis
1. Fat
2. Zenker necrosis or Zenker degeneration
3. Caseation Necrosis
4. Fibrinoid necrosis
5. Gangrenous Necrosis/Gangrene
6. Infarct
194
2 forms of fat
a. Traumatic fat necrosis
b. Enzymatic fat necrosis
195
occurs following the enzymatic splitting of fat into
fatty acid and glycerol by action of lipases; seen in pancreatitis
Enzymatic fat necrosis
196
Cell death and removal involving one cell at a time; cells for removal undergo “suicidal action"
apoptosis
197
Cell death and removal involving one cell at a time; cells for removal undergo _____ _____
suicidal action
198
Apoptosis is observed to occur in the following processes:
metamorphosis
embryonic morphogenesis
mature tissue homeostasis
involution of adult tissue
pathological states
199
example os metamorphosis
disappearance of a tadpole’s tail as it matures into a frog
200
example of mature tissue homeostasis
remodeling of uterine tissue after pregnancy
201
example of involution of adult tissue
thymus and bursa of Fabricius
202
Cell death involves one cell at a time
apoptosis
Pathology 141
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