Pathology 141 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

(64 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Disturbances of growth refer to what kinds of conditions?

A

Excess growth, deficient growth, or abnormal patterns of growth in a tissue or an organ.

(Excess, deficient or abnormal growths)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the normal variability among individuals?

A

Growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What may alterations in the normal patterns of growth eventually result in?

A

Pathological changes leading to functional alterations and disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Growth depends on which three factors? (Enumerate)

A
  1. The rate of cell proliferation
  2. The number of cells undergoing mitosis
  3. Rate of cell loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are congenital lesions?

A

Developmental abnormalities present at birth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is agenesis, and give an example.

A

Total or complete absence of the organ (e.g. presence of only one kidney).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Failure of an organ to grow but with a rudimentary organ

(e.g. segmental aplasia or absence of intestinal lumen or lumen of uterine horn).

A

aplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is another meaning of aplasia in tissue renewal?

A

Failure of a tissue to renew itself or produce replacement cells

☆ (e.g. aplastic anemia where bone marrow regeneration is decreased).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Incomplete growth or failure of an organ to reach its mature size; animals may live for a short time.

Examples: hypoplastic kidney, hypoplastic testes.

A

hypoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is atresia, and give an example.

A

Absence or closure of an opening (e.g. atresia ani).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Enumerate the causes of atresia.

A
  1. Genetic defects
  2. Toxic causes
  3. Infectious causes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define atrophy in terms of organ size.

A

An organ reached its normal size but, due to certain factors, became smaller in size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What cellular changes accompany atrophy?

A

Decrease in size and number of cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does atrophy result in?

A

Reduction in growth, decreased function, and lack of normal functional reserve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

By what process does cell loss occur in atrophy?

A

Apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Atrophy may be classified into what two types? (Enumerate)

A
  1. Physiological atrophy
  2. Pathological atrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Enumerate four examples of physiological atrophy

A
  1. Atrophy of the thymus
  2. Mammary glands in males
  3. Post-partum involution of uterus in females
  4. Disappearance of fetal structures (e.g. ductus arteriosus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Enumerate seven types of pathological atrophy.

A
  1. Pressure atrophy – due to tumor pressing against surrounding cells
  2. Disuse atrophy – due to decreased functional activity (e.g. leg in a cast)
  3. Denervation (neurogenic) atrophy – due to lack of nerve supply to a tissue
  4. Vascular atrophy – due to lack of blood supply to tissues (ischemia → infarct/necrosis)
  5. Endocrine or hormonal atrophy – due to lack of trophic hormones (e.g. loss of ACTH → atrophy of adrenal cortex)
  6. Nutritional atrophy – e.g. serous atrophy of fat from inadequate food intake, starvation, malnutrition, chronic infection, parasitism; recognized at necropsy when fat depots (mesenteries, heart, kidneys) are used up
  7. Atrophy due to metabolic diseases, infections, and neoplasms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

due to tumor pressing against surrounding cells

A

Pressure atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

due to decreased functional activity (e.g. leg in a cast)

A

Disuse atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

due to lack of nerve supply to a tissue

A

Denervation (neurogenic) atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

due to lack of blood supply to tissues (ischemia → infarct/necrosis)

A

Vascular atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

due to lack of trophic hormones (e.g. loss of ACTH → atrophy of adrenal cortex)

A

Endocrine or hormonal atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

serous atrophy of fat from inadequate food intake, starvation, malnutrition, chronic infection, parasitism; recognized at necropsy when fat depots (mesenteries, heart, kidneys) are used up

A

Nutritional atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
gross description, how do atrophic tissues appear?
Smaller tissues with normal shape.
26
In microscopic description, what two features characterize atrophic tissues? (Enumerate)
1. Fewer and smaller cells than normal 2. Decreased amount of cytoplasm surrounding nuclei, making tissues appear hypercellular
27
Define hypertrophy and give an example.
Hypertrophy is the increase in organ size due to an increase in size of individual cells; typically observed in muscle cells in response to increased functional activity.
28
the increase in organ size due to an increase in the number of cells.
hyperplasia
29
In what situation do hypertrophy and hyperplasia often occur together, and when does hypertrophy occur alone?
These two conditions often occur together; however, hypertrophy occurs alone in tissues that are **incapable of regeneration.**
30
Both hypertrophy and hyperplasia may be physiological or pathological. Enumerate the six conditions where these occur.
a. Endocrine – increase in size of mammary glands during lactation b. Neoplastic – localized increase in number of cells c. Replacement – part of repair process (e.g. healing of fractures, liver defect) d. Functional – increased size of uterus during pregnancy, muscular hypertrophy, ventricular hypertrophy e. Compensatory – loss of one kidney; the remaining kidney enlarges to compensate f. Reactive – reactive hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue and bone marrow in response to infection or anemia; reaction or thickening of skin due to chronic irritation
31
increase in size of mammary glands during lactation
Endocrine (hypertrophy and hyperplasia)
32
loss of one kidney; the remaining kidney enlarges to compensate
Compensatory
33
hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue and bone marrow in response to infection or anemia; reaction or thickening of skin due to chronic irritation
Reactive
34
What is the gross description of hypertrophy/hyperplasia?
The organ involved is enlarged.
35
What is the significance of hypertrophy/hyperplasia? (Enumerate)
a. A protective mechanism for adaptation b. A response to increased demand for function
36
Enumerate the four patterns of hyperplasia with examples.
1. Nodular hyperplasia – added tissue masses are nodular (e.g. in liver tissue remodeling) 2. Cystic hyperplasia – spaces lined with epithelia are present (e.g. cystic prostatic hyperplasia) 3. Papillary hyperplasia – frond or fern-like projections are seen (e.g. hyperplasia of lining epithelium of tubular organs) 4. Adenomatous hyperplasia – gland-like structures appear like neoplastic masses
37
added tissue masses are nodular (e.g. in liver tissue remodeling)
Nodular hyperplasia
38
spaces lined with epithelia are present
Cystic hyperplasia (e.g. cystic prostatic hyperplasia)
39
frond or fern-like projections are seen
Papillary hyperplasia (e.g. hyperplasia of lining epithelium of tubular organs)
40
gland-like structures appear like neoplastic masses
Adenomatous hyperplasia
41
refers to a loss of architectural orientation or uniformity of individual cells.
Dysplasia
42
What type of tissue is usually affected by dysplasia, and in response to what?
Usually affects epithelial tissue in response to chronic irritation, inflammation, and nutritional disorders.
43
What are the characteristics of dysplasia? (Enumerate)
Loss of regular differentiation Presence of atypical cells Disorderliness
44
What is the reversibility of dysplasia?
It is reversible if the cause is removed, but if uncontrolled, may progress to neoplasia.
45
Enumerate five sites where dysplasia is observed.
1. Epithelial tissues of prepuce in horse 2. Respiratory passages (in bronchitis) 3. Oral cavity 4. Cervix 5. Gall bladder and kidneys
46
In microscopic description, what three features are seen in dysplasia?
1. Variation in size and shape of cells (pleomorphism) 2. Loss of architectural orientation – cells do not follow normal growth pattern 3. Increased staining or hyperchromicity
47
is controlled abnormal growth; an adaptive response involving substitution or transformation of one type of fully differentiated normal adult tissue into a related type of adult tissue.
Metaplasia
48
How does metaplasia occur?
occurs due to proliferation of germinal cells whose progenies undergo altered differentiation.
49
Give an example of metaplasia.
**Squamous metaplasia** – transition from normal columnar epithelial lining to squamous epithelial lining.
50
Enumerate six causes of metaplasia.
a. Chronic irritation of urinary bladder from stones b. Chronic irritation of bronchial epithelium from smoking c. Vitamin A deficiency – leads to metaplasia in urinary tract, salivary duct epithelium, prostate gland d. Healing lesions – e.g. necrotizing mastitis in cattle with squamous metaplasia of glandular epithelium e. Chlorinated hydrocarbon toxicity in genital tract of sheep and cattle f. Estrogen toxicity in urinary tract of mink
51
Enumerate the two effects of metaplasia.
1. Loss of specialized function of tissues 2. Substituted cells are not of normal size and normal orientation is lost
52
How does hypertrophy/hyperplasia appear grossly?
Organ involved is enlarged.
53
gland-like structures resembling neoplastic masses
Adenomatous hyperplasia
54
What does dysplasia refer to?
loss of architectural orientation and uniformity of individual cells.
55
What is dysplasia in terms of tissue growth?
abnormal pattern of tissue growth, usually affecting epithelial tissue in response to chronic irritation, inflammation, or nutritional disorders.
56
What are the microscopic characteristics of dysplasia? (Enumerate)
1. Loss of regular differentiation 2. Presence of atypical cells 3. Disorderliness
57
Q16. Enumerate the microscopic descriptions of dysplasia.
1. Variation in size and shape of cells (pleomorphism) 2. Loss of architectural orientation (cells do not follow normal growth pattern) 3. Increased staining or hyperchromicity
58
B. Acquired Lesions in DISTURBANCES OF GROWTH
Atrophy Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia Dysplasia Metaplasia
59
I. Developmental Abnormalities List of Congenital Lesions
1. Agenesis 2. Aplasia 3. Hypoplasia 4. Atresia
60
Atrophy types
a. Physiological atrophy b. Pathological atrophy
61
Atrophy gross and microscopic
**Gross description** • Smaller tissues with normal shape **Microscopic description** • Fewer and smaller cells than normal • Decreased amount of cytoplasm surrounding nuclei make tissues appear hypercellular
62
Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia gross and etc
**Gross description** • Organ involved is enlarged **Significance** a. A protective mechanism for adaptation b. A response to increase demand for function **Patterns of Hyperplasia** 1. Nodular hyperplasia – when the added tissue masses are nodular *e.g. in liver tissue remodeling* 2. Cystic hyperplasia – when spaces lined with epithelia are present *e.g. cystic prostatic hyperplasia* 3. Papillary hyperplasia – when frond or fern-like projections are seen *e.g. hyperplasia of lining epithelium of tubular organs* 4. Adenomatous hyperplasia – when there are gland-like structures that appear like neoplastic masses
63
Dysplasia Microscopic description
**Microscopic description** • Variation in size and shape of cells or pleomorphism • Loss of architectural orientation; cells do not follow normal pattern of growth • Increased staining or **hyperchromicity**
64
Break tim3
🩷🩷🩷🩷
Pathology 141
flashcards
Decks in class (11)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions