What framework did Matthews & Beaman (2007) develop?
The Gender Perspective Paradigm.
What are the four dimensions of the Gender Perspective Paradigm?
Individual, Interaction, Institutions, Culture.
Individual dimension refers to:
Personal identities, beliefs, and internalized gender norms.
Interaction dimension refers to:
How gender is performed and reinforced in everyday interactions.
Institutional dimension refers to:
How organizations and systems structure gender inequality.
Cultural dimension refers to:
Shared meanings, norms, and symbols about gender.
What is spiritual essentialism?
The religious belief that gender roles are divinely determined and natural.
How does religion often explain gender differences?
As part of a divine or natural order.
What is sexual dimorphism?
Biological differences between males and females.
What is sociobiology?
A theory suggesting gender behavior is rooted in evolutionary biology.
What is the main critique of sociobiology?
It ignores social and structural influences on gender.
According to sociobiology, gender differences exist because:
Men and women evolved different reproductive strategies.
What does the psychological perspective focus on?
Individual traits, behaviors, and gender socialization.
What is socialization?
The process by which individuals learn gender norms.
What does anthropology contribute to gender studies?
Shows gender roles vary across cultures.
Sociology views gender as:
A social structure that produces inequality.
What does it mean that gender is socially constructed?
Gender roles are created by society, not biology.
What is hegemonic masculinity?
The dominant ideal of masculinity that legitimizes male power
What is emphasized femininity?
Forms of femininity that accommodate male dominance.
What is patriarchy?
A system where men hold primary power.
What is Sociobiology?
The theory that gendered behaviors evolve from gene survival.
According to sociobiology, what drives gender differences?
Different reproductive strategies.
What is Evolutionary Psychology?
The view that psychological traits are evolutionary adaptations.
What is the “no genetic imperative” critique?
Genes do not strictly dictate social roles.
