What is androcentrism and its two consequences?
Centering men as the universal norm → causes bias and marginalization of “the other.”
Name four early sociologists often ignored due to androcentrism.
Ibn Khaldûn, Harriet Martineau, W.E.B. Du Bois, Jane Addams.
Name three prominent Black women sociologists often ignored.
Sojourner Truth, Anna Julia Cooper, Ida B. Wells.
Who wrote The Second Sex and what is the key quote?
Simone de Beauvoir — “One is not born, but rather, becomes a woman.”
What did Peter Berger call the “natural habitat” of a sociologist?
All human gathering places
What does the Sociological Imagination show about gender?
It varies across cultures and over time (not constant).
What was the focus of the First Shift (1970s–80s)?
Moving gender from private troubles → public/structural issues.
What practice was central to the First Shift?
Consciousness raising.
What psychological error was critiqued in the First Shift?
Fundamental attribution error.
What was the focus of the Second Shift (1980s–90s)?
Gender as socially constructed and “done” in interaction.
What are “cultural genitals”?
Social cues used to classify gender; assumed to reflect sex.
Who wrote “Doing Gender” (1987)?
Candace West & Don Zimmerman.
According to Doing Gender, gender is not who we are but what we _____.
Do (a product of interaction).
What are the three concepts in Doing Gender?
Sex, sex category, gender.
Define sex category.
Social identification as male/female based on display criteria.
What perspective did Erving Goffman develop?
Dramaturgical analysis.
What are the three elements of a performance (Goffman)?
Setting, appearance, manner.
What is impression management?
Controlling others’ perceptions during interaction.
What are front stage and back stage?
Front = perform role; Back = relax role.
What is stigma and its three types?
Discredited identity; body, character, social category.
What is gender polarization (Sandra Bem)?
Strict divide between masculine men and feminine women.
What is ritual segregation?
Physical/social separation of sexes (e.g., restrooms).
What was the focus of the Third Shift?
Hegemonic gender and hierarchy of masculinities.
How does Raewyn Connell define masculinity?
A set of social practices (not a trait).
