Module 2 essays Flashcards

Question

What were some precautions to avoid premarital sex

Answer 1

bundling bed bundling sack

Answer 2

Chesapeake - 30% New England - 10% but later spiked in 1700s Germantown- 25%

Answer 3

sexual ground - impotency - adultery - withdrawal

Answer 4

Military Service. Hall cropped their hair and dressed as a man to join the army as a soldier for an expedition to France.

Answer 5

Economic Necessity. Hall lived as a woman to earn money through needlework (a female-dominated trade) but switched back to male attire to travel to Virginia, where male labor (tobacco farming) offered better pay and freedom.

Answer 6

Through physical inspections by groups of matrons and men, as well as interrogations regarding Hall's sexual history and anatomy.

Answer 7

No. The inspections yielded conflicting conclusions. Different groups of neighbors reached different verdicts, leading to total confusion among the colonial leadership.

Answer 8

They ruled that Hall was "a man and a woman," essentially recognizing a dual or intersex identity because they could not fit Hall into a single category.

Answer 9

Forced Gender Hybridity. Hall was ordered to wear a mix of clothing: male trousers and shirt paired with a female’s white apron and coif (head covering).

Answer 10

Public Marking. It was intended to make Hall’s "ambiguous" status visible to the entire colony, acting as a permanent visual label to prevent "confusion" and shame Hall for their non-conformity.

Answer 11

It viewed gender through a "one-sex" model, where women were seen as "imperfect" versions of men. It was believed women possessed the same reproductive organs as men, but they remained inside the body due to a lack of "vital heat."

Answer 12

Courts usually forced "hermaphrodites" to choose one permanent gender role. "Transvestites" (cross-dressers) were often punished for fraud or violating "divine law," as their actions were seen as a threat to the established social and moral order.

Answer 13

Virginia was in a "Tobacco Gold Rush." This created a desperate need for male workers (indentured servants) because tobacco farming was grueling physical labor that women were culturally and legally discouraged from performing.

Answer 14

It was a tiny settlement of about 200 people. It was an extremely tight-knit community where privacy was nonexistent, meaning Hall’s ambiguous behavior and dress were immediately noticed and debated by neighbors.

Answer 15

Women were the protectors of female-only spaces (like domestic circles and birthing rooms). They felt that if a man were allowed to live as a woman, it would violate their privacy, safety, and the sanctity of their social sphere.

Answer 16

Bass ruled Hall was a woman to restore order and end the community gossip. The female authorities strongly disagreed; they believed their hands-on physical inspections provided more "truth" than a male official’s legal decree.

Answer 17

It referred to their communal expertise in anatomy and midwifery. By claiming they could "read" the body, they asserted that their physical evidence of Hall's "atypical" anatomy overruled Captain Bass’s simplistic legal definition.

Answer 18

Hall’s strategy was fluidity—changing identity based on economic need. The court’s punishment of hybrid dress stripped Hall of this fluidity, forcing them into a permanent state of "otherness" where they could never again "pass" as just one gender.

Answer 19

1. Behavior vs. Identity: Sex was seen as a series of physical acts, not an expression of an internal "orientation." 2. Procreation: The primary meaning of sex was procreation within marriage; any act that "wasted" seed was a sin against God.

Answer 20

Fornication: Sex between unmarried heterosexual partners (sinful, but followed "natural" drives). Strange Flesh: Sex that deviated from the "natural" use of the body (sodomy/same-gender acts).

Answer 21

Any act that "frustrated" or prevented conception (sodomy, bestiality, masturbation).

Answer 22

Unbridled lust and a lack of religious discipline. It was viewed as the result of a "slippery slope" of smaller sins leading to total depravity.

Answer 23

No. They believed anyone could be tempted. There was no concept of "homosexual" as a specific type of person; it was a sin any human could fall into if they lacked grace.

Answer 24

It explicitly included sexual acts between women and contained stricter language regarding masturbation ("self-pollution").

Answer 25

Only two men. Inference: While the rhetoric was harsh, the "two-witness rule" made conviction nearly impossible. Authorities were more interested in maintaining order than mass executions.

Answer 26

Generally less offended. Neighbors often tolerated "unnatural" behavior for years as long as the person was a good neighbor and didn't cause a public "scandal."

Answer 27

He was a prosperous, productive member of the community. His neighbors valued his labor and social standing. A communal desire to keep "private" sins out of the public courts.

Answer 28

His behavior became predatory. He began targeting young servants and subordinates, which threatened the social hierarchy and the safety of local households.

Answer 29

No. The colonies were too rural and small to provide the anonymity needed for such a subculture to develop.

Answer 30

A subculture in 18th-century London involving private clubs, feminine pseudonyms, and distinct social rituals.

Module 2 essays Flashcards

(54 cards)