Module 4

Question 1

ADHD is classified as what type of disorder?

Answer 1

A neurodevelopmental disorder

Question 2

What are the two core dimensions of ADHD?

Answer 2

Inattention and Hyperactivity-Impulsivity

Question 3

What is meant by inattention in ADHD?

Answer 3

Difficulty sustaining attention, selective attention, and attentional capacity

Question 4

Give examples of inattention symptoms.

Answer 4

Easily distracted
Forgetful
Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play

Question 5

What does hyperactivity-impulsivity include?

Answer 5

Hyperactivity
Behavioural impulsivity
Cognitive impulsivity
Emotional impulsivity/dysregulation

Question 6

Give examples of hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms.

Answer 6

Fidgeting
“On the go” or “driven by a motor”
Talks excessively

Question 7

How many symptoms are required for an ADHD diagnosis (DSM-5)?

Answer 7

6 or more inattention symptoms and/or
6 or more hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms

Question 8

At what age must ADHD symptoms be present before?

Answer 8

Before age 12

Question 9

In how many settings must symptoms be present?

Answer 9

Two or more settings (e.g., home, school, work)

Question 10

What areas of functioning must ADHD symptoms affect?

Answer 10

Social, academic, or occupational functioning

Question 11

What must ADHD symptoms NOT be better explained by?

Answer 11

Another medical or psychiatric disorder

Question 12

What are the three ADHD presentation types?

Answer 12

Predominantly Inattentive (ADHD-PI)
Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive (ADHD-HI)
Combined Presentation (ADHD-C)

Question 13

What characterizes ADHD-PI?

Answer 13

Mainly inattention symptoms

Question 14

What characterizes ADHD-HI?

Answer 14

Mainly hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms

Question 15

What characterizes ADHD-C?

Answer 15

Both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms

Question 16

Are there gender differences in ADHD prevalence?

Answer 16

Yes, prevalence differs by gender

often discussed as ADHD being diagnosed more frequently in males, especially in childhood

Question 17

Why is SES important when studying ADHD prevalence?

Answer 17

SES is associated with differences in diagnosis, access to care, and outcomes

Question 18

What does “developmental course” mean?

Answer 18

How ADHD symptoms emerge and change over time

Question 19

Can signs of ADHD be present in infancy?

Answer 19

Yes, possible signs may be present at birth

Question 20

What early signs of ADHD may appear in infancy?

Answer 20

Irritability
Anger
Difficult temperment

Question 21

What does “etiology” mean?

Answer 21

The causes and origins of a disorder

Question 22

Why are multiple theories needed to explain ADHD?

Answer 22

Because genetic, biological, environmental, and developmental factors all contribute

Question 23

What types of studies support genetic influences in ADHD?

Answer 23

Adoption studies
Twin studies
Specific gene studies

Question 24

What do twin studies show about ADHD?

Answer 24

Higher concordance in identical twins, but not 100%

Question 25

Why doesn’t genetic risk guarantee ADHD?

Answer 25

Identical twins do not show 100% concordance Environmental factors play a role

Question 26

What brain circuitry is commonly implicated in ADHD?

Answer 26

Frontostriatal circuitry

Question 27

What is the frontostriatal circuit involved in?

Answer 27

Attention, executive functioning, and behavioral control

Question 28

Should ADHD treatment focus only on the child’s behavior and neurochemistry?

Answer 28

No — the child’s environment can also be altered.

Question 29

What is the primary treatment approach for ADHD?

Answer 29

A combination of stimulant medication, parent management training, and educational intervention.

Question 30

What type of medication is most commonly used to treat ADHD?

Answer 30

Stimulant medication.

Question 31

What is the goal of Parent Management Training (PMT)?

Answer 31

To help parents manage ADHD-related behaviors effectively.

Question 32

What are key components of PMT?

Answer 32

Psychoeducation Response-cost procedures Enjoyable activities with the child Parent relaxation skills

Question 33

What strategies are used in educational interventions?

Answer 33

Response-cost procedures Clear, realistic goals Individualized accommodations

Question 33

What is the goal of educational interventions for ADHD?

Answer 33

To improve academic functioning and classroom behavior.

Question 34

What are Summer Treatment Programs?

Answer 34

Intensive behavioral programs for children with ADHD.

Question 35

What was the MTA Study?

Answer 35

The Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD.

Question 36

What is the purpose of family counseling and support groups?

Answer 36

Teach new skills and attitudes Improve family relationships

Question 37

What does individual counseling help children with ADHD with?

Answer 37

Coping with problems Reducing feelings of isolation Building self-competence