Module 9

Question 1

What is required for a BPD diagnosis (DSM-5)?

Answer 1

At least 5 out of 9 criteria.

Question 2

What is affective instability in BPD?

Answer 2

Rapid mood changes due to high emotional reactivity.

Question 3

How does anger present in BPD?

Answer 3

Intense, inappropriate anger or difficulty controlling it.

Question 4

What kind of impulsivity is seen in BPD?

Answer 4

Impulsivity in at least 2 self-damaging areas (e.g., spending, sex).

Question 5

What self-harm behaviors are associated with BPD?

Answer 5

Suicidal behaviors, threats, or self-harm.

Question 6

How do people with BPD respond to abandonment?

Answer 6

Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment.

Question 7

What are relationships like in BPD?

Answer 7

Unstable, intense, with shifts between idealization and devaluation.

Question 8

What is identity disturbance in BPD?

Answer 8

Unstable self-image or sense of self.

Question 9

What emotional experience is common in BPD?

Answer 9

Chronic feelings of emptiness.

Question 10

What cognitive symptoms can occur in BPD?

Answer 10

Stress-related paranoia or dissociation.

Question 11

Why is diagnosing BPD in adolescents controversial?

Answer 11

Symptoms may be normal for development; personality is still forming.

Question 12

What supports diagnosing BPD in adolescents?

Answer 12

It is reliable, valid, and treatment is helpful.

Question 13

How do adolescents with BPD typically present?

Answer 13

More acute and severe symptoms.

Question 14

Are there gender differences in BPD?

Answer 14

3:1 female-to-male in clinics; no difference in general population.

Question 15

What is the typical course of BPD?

Answer 15

Starts in adolescence → peaks in young adulthood → declines later.

Question 16

What are long-term outcomes of adolescent BPD?

Answer 16

Poor psychosocial outcomes, future disorders, lower quality of life.

Question 17

What disorders must BPD be distinguished from?

Answer 17

Major depressive disorder, Bipolar II, psychotic disorders.

Question 18

Is BPD heritable?

Answer 18

Yes, moderately.

Question 19

What brain areas are affected in BPD?

Answer 19

Frontolimbic regions (OFC, ACC).

Question 20

What brain system shows reduced responsiveness?

Answer 20

HPA axis.

Question 21

What brain connectivity issues are seen in BPD?

Answer 21

White matter changes affecting emotion regulation.

Question 22

What are the 3 components of emotional vulnerability in BPD?

Answer 22

High sensitivity
Intense emotions
Slow return to baseline

Question 23

What is “overmentalizing” in BPD?

Answer 23

Overinterpreting others’ thoughts inaccurately.

Question 24

What is the link between BPD traits and overmentalizing?

Answer 24

Positive association.

Question 25

What characterizes normal eating patterns in adolescence?

Answer 25

Regular meals, variety of foods, responsiveness to hunger/fullness cues.

Question 26

Why is nutrition especially important during adolescence?

Answer 26

Supports rapid physical growth, brain development, and hormonal changes.

Question 27

What eating behaviors may signal an eating disorder in adolescents?

Answer 27

Restriction, binge eating, purging, rigid food rules, or avoidance.

Question 28

What psychological signs suggest an eating disorder?

Answer 28

Body dissatisfaction, fear of weight gain, obsessive food thoughts.

Question 29

What biological factors contribute to eating disorders?

Answer 29

Genetics, brain chemistry, and temperament.

Question 30

What psychological factors contribute to eating disorders?

Answer 30

Perfectionism, low self-esteem, need for control.

Question 31

What social factors contribute to eating disorders?

Answer 31

Cultural ideals, peer pressure, family dynamics.

Question 32

What defines anorexia nervosa?

Answer 32

Restriction → low body weight + fear of gaining weight + body image disturbance.

Question 33

What defines bulimia nervosa?

Answer 33

Binge eating + compensatory behaviors (e.g., purging).

Question 34

What defines ARFID?

Answer 34

Restrictive eating without body image concerns, leading to nutritional deficiency.

Question 35

What is atypical anorexia?

Answer 35

All anorexia symptoms but weight remains normal.

Question 36

What defines binge-eating disorder?

Answer 36

Recurrent binges without compensatory behaviors.

Question 37

What is pica?

Answer 37

Eating non-food substances (e.g., dirt, chalk).

Question 38

What are OSFED disorders?

Answer 38

Clinically significant eating issues that don’t meet full criteria.

Question 39

Key difference between anorexia and bulimia?

Answer 39

Anorexia = restriction/low weight; Bulimia = binge + purge, often normal weight.

Question 40

Key feature distinguishing ARFID from anorexia?

Answer 40

No fear of weight gain or body image disturbance.

Question 41

What distinguishes binge-eating disorder from bulimia?

Answer 41

No compensatory behaviors.

Question 42

What is the recommended treatment for adolescent eating disorders?

Answer 42

Family-Based Treatment (FBT).

Question 43

What was the older treatment model for EDs?

Answer 43

Individual-focused approaches with less family involvement.

Question 44

Which symptoms are adolescents with BPD especially likely to show?

Answer 44

More acute, severe, and rapidly fluctuating symptoms.

Question 45

What are the main concerns about diagnosing BPD in adolescents?

Answer 45

Developmental changes, stigma, and symptom overlap with normal adolescence.

Question 46

What evidence supports diagnosing BPD in adolescents?

Answer 46

Reliability, validity, stability, and effective treatments.

Question 47

How does BPD prevalence differ across settings?

Answer 47

Lower in community, higher in outpatient, highest in inpatient.

Question 48

What are common comorbidities with BPD?

Answer 48

Mood disorders, anxiety, substance use, and other personality disorders.

Question 49

What environmental risks contribute to BPD?

Answer 49

Trauma, invalidating environments, unstable relationships.

Question 50

What distinguishes BPD from major depressive disorder (MDD)?

Answer 50

BPD has instability across emotions/relationships; MDD is more persistent low mood.

Question 51

What distinguishes BPD from bipolar disorder?

Answer 51

BPD mood shifts are rapid and reactive; bipolar episodes are longer and episodic.

Question 52

What distinguishes BPD from psychotic disorders?

Answer 52

BPD symptoms are stress-related and transient, not persistent psychosis.

Question 53

Why is traditional CBT not ideal for BPD?

Answer 53

It doesn’t adequately address emotional dysregulation and interpersonal chaos.

Question 54

What is radical acceptance?

Answer 54

Accepting reality as it is without trying to change it.

Question 55

Why is radical acceptance important in BPD treatment?

Answer 55

Reduces emotional suffering and resistance.

Question 56

What are dialectics?

Answer 56

Balancing opposites (e.g., acceptance + change).

Question 57

What are the four stages of DBT treatment?

Answer 57

Stabilization (reduce life-threatening behaviors) Emotional experiencing Improve self-esteem & life goals Sustained fulfillment

Question 58

What is the adolescent-specific module in DBT-A?

Answer 58

Family involvement module.

Question 59

Ego-syntonic nature of behaviours

Answer 59

This means that someone considers the behaviours associated with anorexia nervosa to be part their personality

Question 60

refers to having a lack of insight or awareness of the severity of the disorder

Answer 60

Anosognosia

Question 61

Someone with ________ may deny having this form of anorexia nervosa due to still having an average Body Mass Index (BMI) despite having a period of rapid and significant weight loss

Answer 61

atypical anorexia