PSYC 337 > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

(113 cards)

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1
Q

What is Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

A

A mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness or loss of interest lasting at least 2 weeks.

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2
Q

What two symptoms must include at least one for MDD diagnosis?

A

Depressed mood OR loss of interest/pleasure.

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3
Q

How can depression appear in children instead of sadness?

A

Irritable mood.

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4
Q

What appetite-related symptom occurs in MDD?

A

Significant weight loss/gain or appetite change.

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5
Q

What sleep problems are linked to MDD?

A

Insomnia or hypersomnia.

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6
Q

What energy-related symptom is common in MDD?

A

Fatigue or loss of energy.

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7
Q

What thinking-related difficulty occurs in MDD?

A

Poor concentration or indecisiveness.

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8
Q

What emotional symptoms occur in MDD?

A

Worthlessness or excessive guilt.

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9
Q

What serious cognitive symptom may occur in MDD?

A

Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.

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10
Q

Why might DSM-5 criteria for MDD be considered too broad?

A

It may capture normal stress reactions.

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11
Q

Why might DSM-5 criteria be considered too strict?

A

Subthreshold symptoms still predict later depression.

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12
Q

How common is depression in preschool children?

A

About 1–2%.

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13
Q

How common is depression in school-age children?

A

About 3%.

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14
Q

How common is depression during adolescence?

A

About 8% yearly prevalence.

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15
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of depression in youth?

A

About 11–20%.

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16
Q

Does childhood depression usually go away permanently?

A

No, recurrence is common.

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17
Q

How often does child/adolescent depression recur?

A

50–70% recur within 5 years.

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18
Q

What does the scar hypothesis suggest?

A

Depression leaves lasting vulnerability for future episodes.

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19
Q

Are there gender differences in depression before puberty?

A

No significant differences.

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20
Q

Who has higher depression rates after puberty?

A

Girls.

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21
Q

Why are adolescent girls at higher risk for depression?

A

More worried about body image and social acceptance and relationships

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22
Q

Which girls are at highest depression risk?

A

Girls who go though puberty early

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23
Q

How does ethnicity relate to depression prevalence?

A

Higher rates appear in marginalized groups, likely due to SES and stress factors.

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24
Q

What is Persistent Depressive Disorder (P-DD)?

A

Depressed mood most days for at least 1 year.

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25
How many additional symptoms are needed for P-DD?
At least two somatic (body) or cognitive symptoms.
26
Is P-DD more or less common than MDD?
Less common.
27
What percentage of adolescents have P-DD?
About 5%.
28
What disorder commonly occurs with P-DD?
Major Depressive Disorder.
29
What is the typical onset age of P-DD?
Around 11–12 years.
30
How long does childhood-onset P-DD usually last?
About 2–5 years.
31
What future risks exist after P-DD recovery?
MDD, bipolar disorder, anxiety, conduct disorder, and substance use disorders.
32
What does DMDD stand for?
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder.
33
What do psychodynamic theories suggest causes depression?
Unresolved internal conflicts and early relationship experiences.
34
What does attachment theory link depression to?
Insecure or disrupted early caregiver relationships.
35
What do behavioural theories say causes depression?
Reduced reinforcement and increased withdrawal from activities.
36
What are depressogenic cognitions?
Negative thinking patterns that increase risk for depression.
37
What are information-processing biases?
Tendency to interpret experiences negatively.
38
What is the Negative Cognitive Triad?
Negative views about self, world, and future.
39
What are negative cognitive schemas?
Deep beliefs that shape negative interpretations.
40
How do depressed individuals explain negative events?
Internal, stable, and global causes.
41
Internal attribution means what?
Believing you caused the negative event.
42
Stable attribution means what?
Believing the cause will not change.
43
Global attribution means what?
Believing the cause affects many areas of life.
44
How are positive events explained in hopelessness theory?
External, unstable, and specific causes.
45
What interpersonal event can trigger depression through loss?
Death of a loved one (grief)
46
What is role dispute?
Conflict due to differing expectations in relationships.
47
What is role transition?
Difficulty adjusting to major life changes.
48
What is interpersonal skills impairment?
Loneliness or lack of close relationships.
49
What is self-monitoring in depression?
Focusing mainly on negative events.
50
What is self-evaluation in depression?
Setting unrealistically high standards and self-blame.
51
What is self-reinforcement in depression?
Too little self-reward and excessive self-punishment.
52
How do stressful life events relate to depression?
Stress increases depression risk.
53
What is the diathesis-stress model?
Depression results from vulnerability plus stress.
54
What is internalization?
Turning distress inward.
55
What is stress generation?
Depressed individuals may contribute to stressful situations.
56
What role do genetics play in depression?
Family and genetic risk increase vulnerability
57
What are SNPs?
Small genetic variations linked to depression risk.
58
What are GWAS studies?
Research examining genes across the genome linked to disorders.
59
What is behavioural therapy for depression?
Increasing positive activities and daily structure.
60
What is activity scheduling?
Planning rewarding activities to improve mood.
61
What is cognitive therapy?
Identifying and correcting distorted thoughts.
62
What is CBT?
Combination of cognitive and behavioural therapy.
63
What is IPT-A?
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Adolescents (IPT-A) is a brief, evidence-based, time-limited, and structured psychotherapy
64
What do antidepressant medications target?
Brain chemistry related to mood regulation.
65
What is the goal of depression prevention?
Reduce risk factors before disorder develops.
66
What is Bipolar Disorder?
A mood disorder involving episodes of mania/hypomania and depression.
67
What is mania?
A period of abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood with increased energy.
68
What is hypomania?
A less severe form of mania that does not cause major impairment.
69
What mood change occurs during mania?
Elevated or irritable mood.
70
What happens to energy levels during mania?
Increased energy and activity.
71
How does sleep change during mania?
Decreased need for sleep.
72
What thinking change occurs in mania?
Racing thoughts or rapid speech.
73
What self-perception change occurs in mania?
Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity.
74
What behavioural risks occur during mania?
Impulsive or risky behaviours.
75
What characterizes Bipolar I Disorder?
At least one manic episode.
76
What characterizes Bipolar II Disorder?
Hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes.
77
Why is Bipolar Disorder difficult to diagnose?
Mania may be mistaken for ADHD, depression, or normal mood changes.
78
Why are depressive episodes often diagnosed first?
Individuals usually seek help during depression, not mania.
79
When does Bipolar Disorder typically begin?
Late adolescence or early adulthood.
80
Is Bipolar Disorder typically chronic or temporary?
Chronic with recurring episodes.
81
What pattern often occurs over time in Bipolar Disorder?
Repeated mood episodes.
82
What disorders commonly co-occur with Bipolar Disorder?
Anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and ADHD.
83
What role do genetics play in Bipolar Disorder?
Strong genetic contribution.
84
What biological systems are involved in Bipolar Disorder?
Brain chemistry and mood regulation systems.
85
How does stress relate to Bipolar Disorder?
Stress can trigger mood episodes.
86
What is the main treatment for Bipolar Disorder?
Mood-stabilizing medication.
87
Why are antidepressants used cautiously in Bipolar Disorder?
They may trigger mania.
88
What psychological treatments help Bipolar Disorder?
Psychoeducation, CBT, and family-focused therapy.
89
What lifestyle factor helps manage Bipolar Disorder?
Regular sleep and daily routines.
90
What is anaclitic depression?
Depression in infants caused by separation from a primary caregiver.
91
Depression as a symptom means what?
Sad mood as one feature of another condition.
92
Depression as a syndrome means what?
A cluster of depressive symptoms occurring together.
93
Depression as a disorder means what?
Symptoms meet DSM diagnostic criteria causing impairment.
94
Why is irritable mood important in child depression?
Children may show irritability instead of sadness.
95
Key difference between MDD and P-DD?
MDD = episodic; P-DD = chronic depression ≥1 year in youth.
96
Key feature of DMDD?
Severe, chronic irritability and frequent temper outbursts.
97
Can adults develop DMDD?
No — diagnosis must begin before age 10.
98
Can DMDD be diagnosed after age 18?
No
99
Can DMDD coexist with Bipolar Disorder?
No, but if a child meets the criteria for both only a BP diagnosis is given
100
Can DMDD occur with ODD?
Yes, but if a child meets the criteria for both only a DMDD diagnosis is given
101
Cyclothymic Disorder involves what pattern?
Chronic hypomanic and depressive symptoms without full episodes.
102
Average duration of depressive episode in community samples?
Months
103
Average duration of depressive episode in clinical samples?
Longer and more severe episodes.
104
Does childhood depression predict later depression?
Yes — it can show heterotypic (different) and homotypic continuity (same).
105
Why does depression commonly co-occur with anxiety?
Shared negative affect and vulnerability pathways.
106
What did Stingaris et al. (2009) show?
Chronic irritability predicts depression/anxiety, not bipolar disorder.
107
What did Mayes et al. (2015) support?
DMDD represents severe irritability distinct from bipolar disorder.
108
Amygdala role in depression?
Heightened emotional reactivity.
109
Prefrontal cortex role?
Emotion regulation and control.
110
HPA axis dysfunction leads to what?
Abnormal stress response.
111
SSRIs vs tricyclic antidepressants in youth?
SSRIs are safer and more effective.
112
Core CBT model?
Thoughts → Feelings → Behaviours influence each other.
113
Manic symptoms in children vs adults?
Children show irritability and rapid mood shifts more often.
PSYC 337
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