Anatomy > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of nervous system

A

detects change & impulses from senses, makes decisions, stimulates muscle and glands to respond, and maintains homeostasis.

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2
Q

two types of cells in neural tissue

A

neurons, neuroglia

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3
Q

neurons function

A

react to changes, send nerve impulses for communication

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4
Q

neuroglia function

A

surround and support neurons, nourish neurons, send & receive messages, help maintain the blood-brain barrier

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5
Q

Central nervous system

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

consists of cranial and spinal nerves. all nerves not in brain or spinal cord

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6
Q

migrane

A

A pounding headache, nausea, aura due to light, stress, lack of sleep, and other factors. Lasts 4-72 hours.

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6
Q

sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous system

A

Sympathetic - used in emergency situations (“fight or flight”)

Parasympathetic - reduces sympathetic response and provides resting functions such as digestion and urination

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7
Q

integrative function of the nervous system

A

-coordinates sensory info to create sensations, memory, and thoughts.

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7
Q

What system does the nervous system work with

A

endocrine

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7
Q

what are the types of nerves cells and what % do they make up

A

Neurons - conduct impulses around the body (make up around 10% of nerve cells)

Neuroglia (“nerve glue”) - support, insulate & protect neurons (90% of nerve cells)

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7
Q

Dendrites

A

bring impulses toward cell body

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7
Q

Axons

A

send impulses away from the cell body

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7
Q

Axon terminals

A

at the end of axons. they release neurotransmitters

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7
Q

What are the types of neurons classified by number of processes

A

-Unitpolar neurons: have one process (cell bodies are in ganglia, sensory)

-Bipolar neurons: have 2 processes (eyes, ears, nose)

-Multipolar neurons: have many processes (99% of neurons)

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7
Q

What are the types of neurons classified by their function

A

-afferent neurons: carry impulses TOWARD the CNS
-efferent neurons: carry impulses AWAY from the CNS
-interneurons: connect afferent & efferent neurons

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7
Q

What are schwann cells

A

-Produce myelin sheath and speed up speed of nerve impulse transmission
-the outer layers of the schwann cells are called the neurilemma

(provide myelin insulation to neurons in the PNS)

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7
Q

how is the myelin sheath created

A

a schwann cell (type of neuroglia) wraps itself around the axon, like a coil.

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7
Q

function of the myelin sheath

A

helps nerve impulses travel faster

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7
Q

what are nodes of ranvier

A

gaps btwn the myelin sheath

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7
Q

what are satellite cells

A

support clusters of neuron cell bodies (ganglia). Support and anchor neurons in the peripheral nervous system

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7
Q

What are types of neuroglia

A

In the CNS: astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes

In the PNS: satellite cells, and schwann cells

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7
Q

astrocytes

A

Support & anchor neurons to surrounding capillaries

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7
Q

microglia

A

Provide immune response to CNS

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7
ependymal cells
secrete & circulate cerebrospinal fluid
7
oligodendrocytes
Provide myelin insulation to neurons in the CNS
7
Neuroglia and axonal regeneration
-mature neurons don't divide -if cell body is injured, the neuron usually dies
7
Neuron regeneration in the PNS
-if a peripheral axon is injured, it may regenerate -axon seperated from cell body and its myelin sheath will degenerate -schwann cellls & neurilemma remain - remaining schwann cells provide guiding sheath for growing axon -if growing axon establishes former connection, function will return; if not, function may be lost
7
neuron regeneration in the CNS
-CNS axons lack neurilemma to act as guiding sheath -oligodendrocytes dont proliferate after injury -regen is unlikely
7
Explain the sodium potassium pump
1. resting potential 2. Neuron is stimulated and sodium rushes into the neuron and quickly reverses charges (depolarization). this depolarization is known as the action potential This process moves down the length of the neuron 3. as the impulse passes, potassium diffuses out of the neuron (repolarization) 4.the Na-K pump then restores the ion concentrations to normal and the resting potential returns.
7
What events occur at a synapse
-as the impulse reaches the axon terminal, it can not cross the gap -the impulse stimulates vesicles to release neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft -these neurotransmitters cause channels to open in the next neuron, continuing the action potential from one neuron the next
7
Explain the steps of synaptic transmission
1. action potential arrives at presynaptic terminal 2. Ca ion channels open on presynaptic terminal 3. synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters 4. neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron 5. Na+ channels open on the postsynaptic neuron 6. Impulse continues
7
What structures protect the CNS
The brain and spinal cord are protected by three layers of connective tissue called the meninges
7
what are the layers of the meninges
-dura matter -arachnoid membrane -pia matter
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Dura mater
thick, tough layer
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Arachnoid membrane
thin, cobweb-like layer. contains CSF
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Pia mater
thin layer containing blood vessels. nourishes CNS
7
Where is cerebrospinal fluid found & what is its function?
Btwn the arachnoid layer and the pia layer is the CSF. -protects the brain by preventing it from contacting the skull -it also maintains the blood-brain barrier, which controls homeostasis for the brain and prevents infection. -produced in spaces in the brain galled ventricles (4 total. 2 lateral (L & R), 3rd and 4th ventricles.
8
What does the interventricular foramen do? (foramen of monro)
The lateral ventricles are connected to the 3rd by the thin interventricular foramen (foramen on monro)
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What are choroid plexuses
Clusters of capillaries in the ventricles that secrete CSF.
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What are arachnoid granulations
They absord CSF into the blood.
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CSF is constantly being ___, ___, and ____ by within these ventricles (choroid plexuses)
produced, circulated, and reabsorbed
10
Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure
-continuous secretion and reabsorption of CSF that keeps fluid pressure in ventricles constant. -can lead to collapse of cerebral blood vessels.
11
What are the major regions of the cerebrum
-divided into 2 hemispheres, connected by corpus callosum
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Other word for ridges
Gyri
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Other word for grooves
Sulci
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Other word for deep grooves
fissures (they divide portions of the brain)
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What are the 3 major layers of the brain in order from superficial to deep
1. Cerebral cortex = "gray matter," made of cell bodies & dendrites 2. cerebral medulla= "white matter," made of myelinated axons 3. Basal nuclei= islands of gray matter
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What does the frontal lobe control
Voluntary movements, reasoning & descision-making, memory, ability to predict consequences, planning, and verbal communication
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What separates the frontal and parietal lobe
central sulcus
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What does the parietal lobe control
Sensations, visual-soatial processing, body position
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what does the occipital lobe control
Visual processing
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What separates the temporal lobe and the frontal lobe
the lateral sulcus
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What does the temporal lobe control
Memory, comprehension & pronunciation of words, sensations of smell and sounds, emotional association of memories
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Cutaneous sensory area
parietal lobe, interprets sensations on skin
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Sensory speech area (wernicke's area)
temporal/parietal lobe. Usually left hemisphere, understanding and formulating language
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Visual sensory area of the cortex
occipital lobe, interprets vision
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Sensory area for taste
near base of central sulcus, includes part of insula
19
Sensory area for smell
arises from centers deep within temporal lobes
20
What structures are found in the diencephalon and what is it
within the cerebrum there is a small region called the diencephalon. It contains the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pineal gland
21
Acronym for memorizing the parts of the diencephalon
THP - the happy pinecone T: Thalamus H: Hypothalamus P: Pineal Gland
22
Thalamus
has 2 bulb-shaped halves in the center of the brain. It relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex for processing and sorting.
22
Where is the pineal gland
posterior to the thalamus
22
Hypothalamus
tiny portion of the brain inferior to the thalamus. responsible for autonomic processes and controls hormones released by the limbic system
22
What structures are found in the brain stem
-Midbrain -Pons -Medulla Oblongata Acronym: PMM - please meditate mindfully
23
where is the brainstem located
btwn the cerebrum & spinal cord
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Midbrain
-Aka mesencephalon -relays info to cerebrum -controls body movements and posture
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Pons
-pons = "bridge" -almost completely made of white matter that links the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum -carries info from one side of the brain to the other -central control of breathing
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Medulla oblongata
-located just above the spinal cord -transmits impulses btwn the spinal cord and the brain -controls blood pressure, hr, swallowing, and coughing.
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What is the function of the cerebellum
-coordinating movements so they are graceful and efficient (involuntary) -aids in "muscle memory"
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Acetylcholine
24
GABA
The brains primary calming neurotransmitter
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Serotonin
a neurotransmitter and hormone that regulates sleep
24
Endorphins
a neurotransmitter that is the bodys natural painkiller and mood elevator
24
Dopamine
a neurotransmitter involved in the brain's reward system, motivation, mood, and movement.
25
Dorsal and ventral horns
Dorsal horns receive impulses from afferent nerves, then pass the impulses through the ventral horns to the efferent nerves. Contain the nerve fibers and join together to form a 2-directional spinal nerve
25
describe a cross-section of the spinal cord
has a "butterfly" of gray matter surrounding the white matter.
26
How does a reflex arc travel
the reflex arc involves: 1. a receptor 2. sensory neurons 3. integration 4. motor neurons 5. an effector
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types of reflexes
-Somatic (involving skeletal muscles) -autonomic (involving smooth muscles)
28
Uses of reflexes
-used to assess condition of nervous system -can be used to see nerve damage or effectiveness of anesthesia in surgery.
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Parkinsons Disease (PD)
-neurons degenerate in the substantia nigra, which produces dopamine. Less dopamine reaches basal nuclei --> dopamine deficiency --> motor problems such as tremors, shuffling gait, rigidity, ect.
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Examples of reflexes
knee-jerk reflex plantar reflex biceps-jerk reflex triceps-jerk reflex abdominal reflex ankle-jerk reflex cremasteric reflex
31
Nerve impulse
-an impulse arises from the movement of ions causing a change in electrical charges -at rest, a neutrons intracellular space is negatively charged and the extracellular space is positively charged. This is called the resting potential
32
Important numbers for Na-K pump
resting membrane potential of -70mV action potential threshold of about -55mV peak action potential of +30mV to +40mV 3 Na out, 2K in for every ATP used
33
What is the structure and function of the spinal cord?
-spinal cord extends from the medulla oblongata to the lumbar vertebrae -like the brain, its covered in meninges for protection -the spinal cord relays impulses btwn the PNS and the brain through 31 pairs of spinal nerves
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