SN1 reaction
- LG leaves, carbocation is left
- nucleophile attacks the carbocation
SN2 reaction
nucleophile attacks as LG leaves
hydration (ketone/aldehyde)
in the presence of water, an aldehyde or ketone from a geminal diol
hemiacetal/hemiketal
SN1 reaction mechanism; addition of nucleophilic ROH to form a hemiacetal/hemiketal from a adlehyde or ketone
condensation reactions of aldehyde or ketone
addition of N-groups form imines with loss of H2O
cyanohydrin formation
addition of HCN to an ketone forms a cyanohydrin
alcohol formation
LiAlH4 ot NaBH4 can be used to reduce an aldehyde or ketone to an alchol
tautomerization
ketone or aldehyde is in equilibirum with an enol
micheal addition
a carboanion form a base and attacks an alpha, beta unsaturated carbonyl compound
aldol condensation reaction
nucleophilic addition of an enolate to either a ketone of aldehyde
strecker synthesis
creates alpha amino acid by reacting an aldehyde with ammonia and HCN, followed by hydrolysis
retro-aldol reaction
reverse of aldol condensation via addition of a base and heat forming two ketons, two aldehydes, or one of each
esterification
carboxylic acid and alcohol get turned into an ester and water through an acid catalyzed condensation
gabriel synthesis
converts primary alkyl halids into primary amines using a phthalamide protecting group
nucleophilic acly subsitution
nucleophile attacks, LG is eliminated and carbonyl is reformed
carboxylic acid reduction
carboxylic acid can get reduced to a primary alcohol via LiAlH4
decarboxylation
complete loss of carboxyl group as CO2; replaced with a hydrogen, results in a enol
saponification
long chain carboxylic acid with Na or KOH forms a salt known as soap
