Opposition

Question 1

Where did liberal opposition evolve from

Answer 1

The zemstva

Question 2

What did liberals believe

Answer 2

Those who wanted political and social change but believed that it could be reformed instead of having to overthrow tsarist government

Question 3

Where was liberalism particularly strong

Answer 3

In zemstva
Reputation enhanced by Great Famine

Question 4

How did the number of liberals grow

Answer 4

Spread of education and emergence of stronger middle class as a result of industrialisation

Question 5

What type of reforms did the liberals demand

Answer 5

Wanted moderate and gradual reform- limiting Tsars power through use of state dumas, public campaigning and advocacy.

Land education and economic reforms, wanted a constitutional state

Question 6

Key figures in Liberal movement

Answer 6

Alexander Guchkov and Georgi Lvov

Question 7

Who was Alexander Guchkov

Answer 7

Leader of Octobrists
and had some connections to kadets

Question 8

Who was Georgi Lvov

Answer 8

Leader of Kadets and served in first duma

Wanted an all class zemstvo at district (volost )level

Question 9

What did the Tver Zemstvo petition to Nicholas II

Answer 9

An advisory body
Nicholas II dismissed this

Question 10

What did Ivan Shipov try to set up in 1896

Answer 10

All - Zemstvo Organisation - IMMEDIATELY BANNED

Question 11

What did the banning of the All Zemstvo Organisation encourage

Answer 11

To meet in secret and discuss matters of liberal interest

Question 12

Who founded the Union of Liberation

Answer 12

Pyotr Struve

Question 13

Who was Struve

Answer 13

Leader of Union of Liberation
He had defected from marxist movement
Disliked violent revolution
Wanted peaceful revolution
Wanted constitutional system where urban workers could campaign legally to improve conditions

Question 14

How successful were the liberals in achieving their aims in the period 1894-1914?

Answer 14

Somewhat successful however; their success was undermined by the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks who were more popular and took over

Question 15

What happened to liberals in 1900

Answer 15

Hundreds of liberals were dismissed from the elected boards of the zemstva. The Beseda Symposium attracted more support

Question 16

Agrarian socialism

Answer 16

The taking estates from landowners and dividing the land between the peasants to be farmed communally

Question 17

What were the aims of the Socialist revolutionaries

Answer 17

LAND DISTRIBUTION
LAND SOCIALISATION

Focused on peasants - key to revolution

Question 18

When was the murder of Bogolepov

Answer 18

1901

Question 19

Who did SR’s take their ideas from

Answer 19

Populists - People’s Will

Question 20

What was the murder of Bogolepov

Answer 20

Karpovich = Student rebel who had been expelled twice from university - killed Bogolepov and people supported Karpovoch

60 injured 800 arrests

Question 21

Who was Bogolepov

Answer 21

Minister of Education 1901

Question 22

What was the activities of Yezno Asef

Answer 22

A double agent working for the SRs and the Secret Police
Became involved in Marxism
Recruiter as an informer by Okhrana
Member of SRs in 1899
Exposed as Tsarist spy and fled

Question 23

How did the SRs try to influence people

Answer 23

Discontent in countryside
Strikes in towns
Political assassinations
Political terrorism

Question 24

How many assassinations did the SRs carry out and what famous people were assassinated by them

Answer 24

2000 between 1901 - 1905

Ministers of Internal Affairs
Dmitri Sipyagin 1902
Vyacheslav Von Plehve 1904
Stolypin 1911 - PM

Question 25

How many SRs were sentenced to death between 1905 and 1909

Answer 25

4579 sentenced 2365 executed

Question 26

How successful were the SR in achieving their aims in the period 1894-1914?

Answer 26

They were not successful as there were a variety of different views and the attempt to antagonise peasants did not work as effectively as they had hoped

Question 27

Who was the most influential theorist in SRs

Answer 27

Victor Chernov

Question 28

SRs more info

Answer 28

1) Played an active part in the 1905 Revolution 2) Combined Marxist teaching with Populist ideas in a specifically ‘Russian’ revolutionary programme. 3) Founded as a rallying point for those who wished to appeal to the peasantry through a commitment to ‘land socialisation’ and decentralised government. 4) Fairly loose organisation, comprising groups with a variety of views.

Question 29

When was SDWP founded

Answer 29

1898

Question 30

What happened at the first congress of the SDWP

Answer 30

Formation of SDWP Produced a manifesto Working classes = being exploited Congress broken up by Okhrana

Question 31

What happened at the second congress of the SDWP

Answer 31

1903 In Brussels 51 delegates divided on how party should move forward BOLSHEVIK AND MENSHEVIK SPLIT

Question 32

Who was Julius Martov

Answer 32

Menshevik leader

Question 33

What was SDWP full of

Answer 33

Various marxist groups

Question 34

What was marxism

Answer 34

Karl Marx all history was comprised of class struggles Revolution of proletariat to stop exploitation of bourgeoisie

Question 35

Why did SDWP split

Answer 35

Mensheviks - believed their task should be to develop a broad party with a mass working class membership Bolsheviks - have a centralised party structure to lead the proletariat

Question 36

Who originally supported Mensheviks

Answer 36

Trotsky

Question 37

Difference between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks thought of a revolution

Answer 37

BOLSHEVIKS bourgeois and proletarian revolutions could occur simultaneously MENSHEVIKS workers should lead the revolution and that a proletarian revolution could only happen after the bourgeois revolution

Question 38

What did Plekhanov and Trotsky do

Answer 38

They changed Plekhanov abandoned Bolsheviks Trotsky left Mensheviks

Question 39

When were Trade unions legalised

Answer 39

After 1905 revolution

Question 40

How many trade unions were shut down between 1906 and 1910

Answer 40

497 trade unions were closed down and 604 denied registration

Question 41

What prevented union action in 1907

Answer 41

Economic depression and a rise in unemployment and political clampdown

Question 42

How effective were trade unions as a form of opposition

Answer 42

State continued to fear working class activity and potential for revolutionaries to work through the trade unions

Question 43

Positives and negatives of 1911 - trade unions

Answer 43

Economic recovery gave skilled labour more bargaining power in the market place = new round of strikes ensured. Trade union CONFINED to St Petersburg and the surrounding area 3/4 of it took place there Demonstrated the State’s failure to pacify wc

Question 44

How did government deal with trade unions and strikes

Answer 44

Repressive action

Question 45

Why was there no opposition in 1905 - 1906 SR AND SD EMs LIBERALS

Answer 45

People appeased by tsarist concessions in 1905 - 1906 Moderate liberals were happy but wanted more constitutional reform No nationalities wanted independence other than Poles and Finns SR and SD parties weakened

Question 46

Why was the SR and SDs weakened 3 reasons

Answer 46

Exile of leaders 1905 Split within the SDs Ideological divisions Success of the secret police - couldnt get their message out Organisational difficulties Lack of finance Shortage of secret printing presses

Question 47

What was their revival in 1912 - 1914

Answer 47

Gained six workers in elections in 4th Duma Newspaper Pravda launched in April

Question 48

Why were the Bolsheviks still limited in 1912

Answer 48

Still seen as a bit crazy - support was limited They had no success with army or navy Did not fulfill promise to launch a general political strike

Question 49

How did the War weaken opposition

Answer 49

Wave of patriotism in all political groups Everyone backed the Tsar (except Bolsheviks)

Question 50

What was Lenin's view on the war

Answer 50

He wanted a defeat as it would bring closer to a revolution