Perception is
the process of incoming stimuli (bottom up processing)
selecting, organizing sensory info which enables meaningful events/objects
Gestalt is
The whole or organizational patterns we tend to perceive
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Figure ground is
Principle that people automatically focus on some objects in the perceptual field to exclude others
- the figure: pbbjects that stand out to draw attention
- the ground: the background
Grouping - SIMULARITY
Tendency to place items that look simular in a group
Holds objects that are similar in shape, size or colour
Grouping- Closure
tendency to look at the whole by filling gaps in a perceptual field
Grouping- CONTINUITY
Perceiving that movement of an object continues one it appears to move in a specific direction
Depth perception is
Ability to see three dimensions and to judge distance
EX:
- driving, sports
Binocular Cues are
dept cues that require both eyes
predicts dept most effectively at relatively short distances
Binocular cue #1: Retinal Disparity
Resulting from slightly different images produced by retina of left eye to right eye
- most effective when item is close to eye
Binocular Cue #2: Covergence
related to the tension in the eye muscle when the eyes track to focus on objects close
more tension equals closer object
- works best at close distance
Monocular Cues
depth cues that require use of one eye
SEVEN total cues
relative size is
A molecular depth cue that uses the perceived size of a familar object to determine depth
- objects of known size appeaf large =close
Relative motion
A molecular depth cue perceived slowness indicates that object is distant
- objects closer appear faster
interposition is
a molecular depth cue method of determining depth by noting closed objects paritally obstruct the more distant objects
also called overlap
relative height
a molecular depth cue, a method of determining depth by noting that distant objects appear higger in feild of vision than closer objects
Texture gradient is
A monocular depth cue a method that determines distant objects have smoother textures than nearby
Relative clarity
Method to determine depth by noting distant objects are less clear than nearby objects due to obstruction
- haze, dust, smoke, smog, mist etc generally outside
Linear persepctive
is a monocular depth cue, method of determining depth by noting parallel lines appear to converge in distance
- lines merging on horizon
perceptual constacy
top down perceiving shape, size and lightness of an object aa unchanging even as the image of the object on the retina
- 3 main types
Size constancy
- persons understanding that an object moves further or closer to them its actual size stays same
- Objects appear larger, we realize it is closer, not bigger
Shape constancy
understanding that an object’s shape remains the same even though the angle of view makes the shape appear changed
• We automatically correct for changing angles in many different situations.
Lightness constancy
Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent colour light reflected by the object.
Perceptual set is
mental predisposition to perceive something one way and not another
• Influence of the “power of suggestion” (subliminal perception)
• Guided by Schemas- concepts or mental framwork that organize and interpret information
A Schema is
Concepts or mental frameworks that help us organize & interpret information about the world
• Perceptual set is often guided by schemas (Ex: we have a strong schema for faces)
