Percieved vs Actual risks

Question 1

What is risk?

Answer 1

Risk describes the probability that a particular event will happen.
Probability means the chance or likelihood of the event,
calculated mathematically

Question 2

How do you calculate risk?

Answer 2

numer of people with the disease divided y numer of people who could develop the disease

Question 3

What is a risk factor?

Answer 3

A risk factor is anything that increases the chance of
developing a disease.

Question 4

What are the two types of risk factors?

Answer 4

Modifiable risk factors
Non-modifiable risk factors

Question 5

What are Modifiable risk factors?

Answer 5

 Modifiable risk factors are those
that can be prevented and
controlled. These are essentially
environmental or lifestyle risk
factors, such as smoking, diet and
physical activity

Question 6

What are Non-modifiable risk factors?

Answer 6

 Non-modifiable risk factors are
those that cannot be prevented or
controlled. These are age and
genetic risk factors, such as gender
and family history.
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Question 7

When is actual risk overestimated?

Answer 7

When it:

is out of your control
occurs over a short-term
is the result of an intentional action
is unfamiliar
involvs a spectacular outcome

Question 8

When is actual risk Underastimated?

Answer 8

When it:

is done vontentary by you
occurs over the long-term
is an accident
is familiar
is common

Question 9

What is perception risk based on?

Answer 9

 Based on variety of factors which include

 Familiarity with the activity
 How much you enjoy the activity
 Whether you approve the activity

Question 10

What is actual risk based on?

Answer 10

Based on what actually can happen.

People find it difficult to distinguish between perceived risk
and actual risk. They see that risk applying to other people
but not to them
They never believe it will happen to them until it actually
does
People see smokers who never exercise, eat high-fat, high
salt diet and yet appear perfectly healthy (conflicting
evidence and underestimate the actual risk)

Question 11

What are the Modifiable risk factors of CHD?

Answer 11

High blood pressure

Highblood cholesterol

Tobaccosmoking

disease Physical inactivity

Obesity

Diabetes mellitus

Others: stress,alcohol

Question 12

What are the Non-Modifiable risk factors of CHD?

Answer 12

Advancing age
Male gender
Family history of the disease
Ethicity/ race

Question 13

What are factors which affect blood Pressure? (4)

Answer 13

 Age – as people age the vessels lose their natural elasticity

 Adrenaline– causes higher blood pressure as it causes the
heart to beat faster and blood vessels to constrict

 Stress– like adrenaline, stress causes blood vessels to
constrict and increases blood pressure. Constriction of blood
vessels and increase in heart rate does raise blood pressure,
but only temporarily; when the stress reaction goes away,
blood pressure returns to its pre-stress level.

 High salt diet – increases blood pressure due to a higher
osmotic effect

Question 14

What are the main ways to reduce risk of Developing CVD?

Answer 14

 Stop smoking
 Regular cardiovascular exercise
 Ahealthy diet – low in saturated fats (including trans fats) and salt, high in fibre, fresh fruit/ vegetables, and moderate mono/polyunsaturated fats
 Reducing alcohol intake

Question 14

How does Familial hypercholoseraemia (FH) increas risk of CHD?

Answer 14

Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH)

 Single gene disorder
 Mutations in the LDLR gene
 Causes LDL receptors that remove LDL from the blood to mutate
 The LDL receptors do not form or have a mutated shape that decreases efficiency
 Causes high blood LDL and early onset CHD
 Environmental factors – lifestyle & diet are also important