plantae

Question 1

how are land plants classified?

Answer 1

by the presence/absence of vascular tissue and seeds

Question 2

bryophytes

Answer 2

• non-vascular plants
• 450 mya

Question 3

seedless vascular plants

Answer 3

• have vascular tissue
• 385 mya

Question 4

gymnosperms

Answer 4

• seed producing vascular plants
• 360 mya

Question 5

angiosperms

Answer 5

• seed and flower producing vascular plants
• 280-150 mya

Question 6

vascular plants

Answer 6

• 93% of existing plant species
• have vascular tissue: cells joined to form tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body

Question 7

seedless vascular plants

Answer 7

• lycophytes (mosses)
• monilophytes (fern)

Question 8

seed bearing vascular plants

Answer 8

• gymnosperms: seed not enclosed in chambers (pinecones)
• angiosperms: seeds develop inside chambers called “ovaries” (all flowering plants)

Question 9

structure of vascular plants

Answer 9

• root system: uptakes water and minerals from the ground
• shoot system: stems and leaves

Question 10

root system

Answer 10

• anchors vascular plant into the soil
• absorbs minerals and water
• stores photosynthates: sugars and other carbohydrates created during photosynthesis
• help control soil erosion

Question 11

two types of root systems

Answer 11

• fibrous roots (monocot plants)
• taproot (dicot plants)

Question 12

fibrous root

Answer 12

• many small, branching roots
• occupy a large volume of shallow soil around a plant’s base
• petunias, beans, peas

Question 13

taproot

Answer 13

• one large, thick root with some smaller lateral roots
• downward growing root, with limited branching, where soils permit
• carrots, beets, radish

Question 14

stem

Answer 14

• raises and separates leaves for sunlight
• raise reproductive structure for pollen and fruit dispersion
• transport substances between roots and leaves
• food storage: water and sugar (cacti)
• protection (rose thorns)

Question 15

two types of stems

Answer 15

• woody stems
• herbaceous stems

Question 16

woody stems

Answer 16

• grow in diameter
• hard outer tissue (wood)
• help decidious and evergreen plants survive in winter
• secondary growth

Question 17

herbaceous stems

Answer 17

• soft green stems
• die after completing flowering and fruiting cycle, grow again from the seeds in next season
• primary growth
• e.g. tulips and basil

Question 18

benefits of secondary growth

Answer 18

• adds to plant girth allowing plant to grow taller
• protects interior from abrasion, heat, cold and infection
• adds new conducting tissues for replacing old non-functioning ones

Question 19

leaves

Answer 19

• site of photosynthesis
• gas exchange (CO2 and O2)
• regulate water loss through guard cells preventing dehydration
• protection from spines and chemicals