pneumonia

Question 1

pneumonia

Answer 1

an acute infection of the lung parenchyma leading to alveolar inflammation, fluid/exudate accumulation, and impaired gas exchange.

Question 2

Normal Respiratory Defense Mechanisms

Answer 2

• Air filtration and epiglottis closure over trachea
• Cough reflex, mucociliary escalator
• Reflex bronchoconstriction

Question 3

Routes of infection

Answer 3

-Aspiration of oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal flora

-Inhalation of microbes from the air

-Hematogenous spread from another infection site

Question 4

Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

Answer 4

acute infection in patients who have not been hospitalized within 14 days of the onset of symptoms

Question 5

Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)

Answer 5

occurs 48 hrs or longer after hospitalization and not present at time of admission

Question 6

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)

Answer 6

occurs more than 48 hrs after endotracheal intubation

Question 7

Aspiration Pneumonia

Answer 7

abnormal entry of oral or gastric material into lower airway

Question 8

Opportunistic Pneumonia

Answer 8

lung infection that occurs in people with weakened immune systems

Question 9

pneumonia risk factors

Answer 9

-Age >65

-Smoking, air pollution

-Chronic diseases (COPD, diabetes, heart disease, CKD)

Altered LOC (stroke, seizures, anesthesia)

Tube feeding, prolonged immobility, recent surgery

Immunosuppression (chemo, HIV, steroids)

IV drug use, exposure to farm animals/birds

Question 10

clinical manifestations of pneumonia

Answer 10

Cough (productive or nonproductive)

sputum (yellow, green, rust-colored)

Fever, chills, dyspnea, tachypnea, pleuritic chest pain

Crackles sounds

Elderly: confusion, stupor

Hypoxia: agitation, restlessness, cyanosis, tachycardia

Question 11

complications of pneumonia

Answer 11

Atelectasis

Pleural Effusion

Pleurisy

Bacteremia & Sepsis:

Respiratory Failure

Pneumothorax

Question 12

Pleural Effusion

Answer 12

Fluid in pleural space, causes decreased breath sounds

Question 13

Pleurisy

Answer 13

Inflamed pleura, sharp inspiratory pain

Question 14

Bacteremia & Sepsis

Answer 14

Pathogen spreads to bloodstream

Question 15

Respiratory Failure

Answer 15

Common cause of death in severe pneumonia

Question 16

Pneumothorax

Answer 16

Alveolar rupture causing lung collapse

Question 17

pneumonia treatment + management

Answer 17

Empiric antibiotics

supportive care

mucolytics

Question 18

empiric antibiotics for pneumonia

Answer 18

Penicillin; amoxicillin, ceftriaxone

Question 19

supportive care for pneumonia

Answer 19

High-calorie, small meals

Question 20

mucolytics

Answer 20

medications that help thin and loosen mucus in the respiratory tract

Question 21

nursing management for pneumonia

Answer 21

-Assess breath sounds, sputum, vital signs

-Monitor O2, encourage incentive spirometry, early ambulation

-Position: Elevate HOB ≥30°, frequent repositioning

-Strict hand hygiene, infection control

-Teach deep breathing, coughing, use of IS

Question 22

patient teaching for pneumonia

Answer 22

Complete antibiotic course

Adequate rest and hydration

Smoking cessation, limit alcohol

Annual influenza and pneumococcal vaccines

Awareness: recovery can take weeks