Practical Exam

Question 1

Ultrasound: explain indications, contraindications, and precautions

Answer 1

Question 2

Ultrasound: explain parameters, intensity, mode, time, frequency, and physiological effect

Answer 2

Question 3

TENS (high): describe it, parameters, features

Answer 3

Question 4

TENS (low): describe it, parameters, features

Answer 4

Question 5

TENS (general): explain indications, contraindications, and precautions

Answer 5

Question 6

HVPC: describe it, define Galvanotaxis, cell activation, antimicrobial, and effects on circulation

Answer 6

Question 7

HVPC: explain indications, contraindications, and precautions

Answer 7

Question 8

HPVC: explain polarity, frequency, duration, amp, and time

Answer 8

negative and positive parameters: 100 PPS (pulse per second), 100 ms, 45-60 min, 3-7 days/week

Question 9

Compression: explain effects, indications, contraindications, and precautions

Answer 9

Question 10

Compression: explain pressure, types, techniques, duration, and frequency

Answer 10

Question 11

Cryotherapy: explain its neuromuscular, metabolic, and hemodynamic effects

Answer 11

Question 12

Cryotherapy: explain indications, contraindications, precautions, and parameters

Answer 12

Procedure:
1. Remove jewelry and inspect treatment area
2. Cover the limb with a stockinette before applying the sleeve
3. Wrap the sleeve around the area to be treated and elevate the limb
4. Set the temperature to 10 to 15°C (50 to 59°F)
5. Apply cooling for 15 minutes every 2 hours.
6. Remove sleeve and inspect treatment area.

Question 13

PBM (laser therapy): explain it and its effects

Answer 13

Question 14

PBM (laser therapy) explain indications, contraindications, precautions, and parameters

Answer 14

Question 15

BFR: explain it, indications, contraindications

Answer 15

Pt sensation: The patient should feel a firm, snug pressure under the cuff with a progressive muscle burn or fatigue as metabolites accumulate during exercise. They should NOT feel numbness, sharp pain, or excessive skin pinching.

contraindications: Impaired mentation/sensation, Anemia (sickle cell), DVT, Peripheral vascular disease, limb girth, pregnant, lymphedema

Question 16

BFR: list parameters, and exercises that can be done during/after

Answer 16

Question 17

Biofeedback: describe it, indications, contraindications/precautions

Answer 17

pt sensation: The patient should feel no electrical sensation at all, only their own muscles contracting or relaxing as they watch the feedback signals. It should feel like normal muscle effort, not stimulation.

Question 18

Biofeedback: explain parameters, exercises during/after

Answer 18

Question 19

Paraffin bath: explain it, indications, and contraindications/precautions

Answer 19

Pt sensation: The patient should feel comfortable, soothing warmth around the hand/wrist as the wax layers harden. It should never feel hot enough to burn or sting.

Question 20

Paraffin bath: explain parameters and exercises that can be done during/after

Answer 20

Question 21

Moist hot pack: explain it, indications, and contraindications/precautions

Answer 21

Pt sensation: The patient should feel a gentle, pleasant heat that slowly increases and relaxes the tissues. It must not feel overly hot, burning, or intolerable at any point.

Question 22

Moist hot pack: explain parameters and exercises that can be done during/after

Answer 22

Question 23

NMES: explain it, indications, and contraindications/parameters

Answer 23

pt sensation: The patient should feel a tingling sensation progressing to a strong but tolerable muscle contraction that matches the device’s on/off cycle. It should not feel sharp, burning, or painfully intense.

Question 24

NMES: explain parameters for 1) strengthening, 2) re-education, 3) spasm reduction, 4) edema reduction, and exercises that can be done during/after

Answer 24

150-200 ms (small muscles)

Question 25

Traction: explain it, indications (cervical and lumbar)

Answer 25

pt sensation: The patient should feel a gentle, elongating stretch or decompression of the spine with possible symptom relief, especially of radicular pain. They should not feel worsening radiating pain or sharp discomfort.

Question 26

Traction: explain contraindications, precautions, and parameters (cervical and lumbar)

Answer 26

Question 27

Traction: explain exercises that can be done during/after

Answer 27

Question 28

FES: explain indications, contraindications, and parameters

Answer 28

FES is simply NMES applied during functional movement, using parameters that produce a coordinated contraction strong enough to assist the task, and the patient should feel rhythmic, tolerable contractions that help the movement occur smoothly. Pt feeling: tingling that progresses to strong but tolerable contraction

Question 29

Pain: Explain 1) alarm system, 2) nerve sensors, 3) nosy neighbors, 4) calming sensitive nerves

Answer 29

Question 30

Pain: Explain 1) hospital experiences: alarm system ramped up, 2) hurt does not equal harm, 3) no freaking over flare ups, 4) pain is normal

Answer 30

Question 31

Pain: Explain treatment strategies integrated with PNE

Answer 31

Question 32

Define pain types

Answer 32

1) Nociceptive Pain Nociceptive pain comes from the activation of peripheral nociceptors in response to actual or threatened tissue injury (e.g., inflammation, mechanical overload, post-surgical pain). The nervous system is acting as a normal alarm, detecting chemical, mechanical, or thermal danger signals. This pain is typically localized, proportional to the injury, and improves as tissues heal. Example: A sprained ankle that hurts when weight-bearing because irritated tissues activate nociceptors. 2) Neuropathic Pain Neuropathic pain results from injury or disease affecting the somatosensory nervous system itself—either peripheral nerves or central pathways. The alarm system is damaged, causing spontaneous or exaggerated firing that leads to burning, tingling, electric shock–like sensations, or numbness. Symptoms are often disproportionate to tissue status and may follow a nerve distribution. Example: Sciatic nerve compression causing burning pain and paresthesia down the posterior leg. 3) Nociplastic Pain Nociplastic pain occurs when pain arises from altered nociceptive processing, despite no clear tissue damage and no identifiable nerve lesion. The alarm system becomes extra sensitive (central sensitization), producing pain that is diffuse, persistent, and disproportionate to any peripheral input. It is strongly influenced by factors like stress, sleep, lifestyle, fear avoidance, and prior pain experiences. Example: Chronic widespread pain where movement is sore but safe, such as in fibromyalgia-like presentations or persistent postoperative pain without ongoing tissue injury.

Question 33

Summarize E-stim parameters

Answer 33