Q1 Enumeration

Question 1

3 - natural source of drugs

Answer 1

• plants
• animal
• minerals

Question 2

4 - The body fluids or glands of animals are also natural drug sources. The drugs obtained from animal sources include-

Answer 2

• hormones
• oils and fats
• enzymes
• vaccines

Question 3

3 - Routes of drug administration can be divided into three main classes as

Answer 3

• enteral
• parenteral
• topical

Question 4

7 - Some factors are governing the choice of route, these are-

Answer 4

• Physical and chemical properties of the drug
• Site of desired action
• Effect of digestive juices and first pass metabolism of the drug
• Rapidity with which the response is desired
• Accuracy of dosage required
• Condition of the patient

Question 5

9 - For tablets and capsules the factors that affect the actual amount of the drug absorbed or available include

Answer 5

• disintegration
• coating
• adjuvants used
• compression
• drug particle size– micronization
• amount of the drug
• chemical form
• physical state
• local pH of the absorptive area

Question 6

5 - Advantages of oral route

Answer 6

• Generally the safest route
• Economical
• Convenient and relatively simple for owner
• No need for sterile equipment
• Systemic distribution can be achieved

Question 7

6 - Disadvantages of oral route

Answer 7

• Absorption may be variable
• Gastric irritation may cause vomiting
• Not useful if animal is vomiting
• Requires cooperation of patient, which is not usually forthcoming ina veterinary patient
• Drugs may be destroyed by gastric acidity, gut flora, mucosal enzymes andliver enzymes
• Onset of effect is usually slow

Question 8

7 - While considering parenteral administration, we have to take care of lot of points, these are

Answer 8

• Volume to be administered
• Concentration of the drug
• pH,
• Toxicity
• Viscosity
• Particle size
• Adjuvant used in the preparation

Question 9

5 - Advantages of intravenous route

Answer 9

• Extremely rapid onset of action
• Initial absorption step is bypassed
• Drug levels can be controlled more accurately
• Suitable for irritant drugs
• Suitable for large volumes of drugs

Question 10

4 - Disadvantages of intravenous route

Answer 10

• Most dangerous route as toxicity can easily occur
• Drugs must be in aqueous solution
• Must be performed slowly
• Once injected, drug cannot be retrieved

Question 11

6(5?) - Passive diffusion is mostly dependent upon

Answer 11

• Concentration gradient
• Drug molecular size
• Lipophilic nature of the molecule
• Temperature
• Thickness of the membrane

Question 12

11 - make a Diagram Passage of drug across biological membrane

Answer 12

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