Q2 Enumeration

Question 1

4 Factors affecting biotransformation

Answer 1

• Age
• Disease
• Species differences
• Co-administration of other drugs

Question 2

4 purpose of fluid therapy is to

Answer 2

*Correct:
- Dehydration
- Overhydration
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Acid-base Imbalance

Question 3

3 Effects of first pass metabolism:

Answer 3

• Increased oral dose
• Unpredictable absorption of oral dose variation
• Oral bioavailability increased, due to liver’s disease

Question 4

4 Sequelae of biotransformation reactions

Answer 4

• Inactivation
• Formation of active metabolite
• Prodrug
• Lethal Synthesis

Question 5

7 types of Oxidative reactions

Answer 5

• N- and O- Dealkyation
• Aliphatic and aromatic hydroxylation
• N- Oxidation
• Sulphoxide Formation
• Deamination of amine
• Desulfuration
• Hydrolysis of esters and amides

Question 6

4 indication of Fluid therapy in animals

Answer 6

• Correct acidosis/Alkalosis
• Treat shock
• Give parenteral Nourishment
• Stimulate organ function

Question 7

7(6 lang sa ppt) Importance of kinetic study

Answer 7

• Dose amount and dosing interval
• Understanding absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs
• Comparison of drug routes
• Bioequivalence
• Essential for drug development
• Therapeutic drug monitoring

Question 8

3 important structure/substance involve in blood brain barrier

Answer 8

• Endothelial cells of CNS blood vessels
• Glial cells
• Second intracellular compartment

Question 9

2 types of reduction in biotransformation

Answer 9

• Azo reduction
• Nitro reduction Chloramphenicol

Question 10

14 factors affecting absorption of drug through Gl route, include-

Answer 10

• Molecular size and Concentration of drug
• Degree of ionization
• Lipid solubility
• Chemical/Physical interaction
• Pharmaceutical preparation and dosage form
• Gastric motility and secretion
• Intestinal motility and secretion
• Fluid volume within GI tract
• Osmolality of intestinal contents
• Intestinal blood and lymph flow
• Disruption of gastric and intestinal epithelium
• Drug biotransformation within intestinal lumen
• Volume and surface area of absorbing surface
• Presence of food in stomach

Question 11

5 Factors that govern distribution of drug

Answer 11

• Lipid solubility
• Blood flow
• Binding and Tissue affinity
• Circulatory disorders
• Competition among drugs for binding sites

Question 12

8 Factor affecting plasma protein binding

Answer 12

• Drug concentration
• Number of drug binding sites on protein
• Protein concentration
• Lipid solubility
• Weak acids bound extensively than weak bases
• Competing molecules
• Species variation
• Disease

Question 13

Significance of enzyme induction / inhibition:

Answer 13

• Inhibitors prolong the activity of co-administered drugs
• It also increases the toxic effects of unchanged drugs, if any
• Drug metabolism varies in smokers and alcoholics ( in human patients)
• In case of combined administration, alteration of dose may be required