Q1 Identification

Question 1

Is defined as the study of the properties of drugs and all aspects of their interaction with living organisms.

Answer 1

Veterinary pharmacology (VPT)

Question 2

Is the study of weights and measures as applied to the preparation and administration of drugs.

Answer 2

Metrology

Question 3

Is the science of adverse effects of chemicals/ drugs on living systems. It also includes problems of drug safety, effects of drug over dosage.

Answer 3

Toxicology

Question 4

Is regarded as the Father of Pharmacology in history of pharmacology.

Answer 4

Oswald Schmiedeberg

Question 5

Are drugs used for non-medical purposes that are less dependence producing. There may be psychological dependence but not physical dependence, except with heavy dose. eg. Amphetamine.

Answer 5

Soft drugs

Question 6

Is the study of neurophysiological or neurobiochemical functions of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves that are modified by drug action.

Answer 6

Neuropharmacology

Question 7

Is the study of drug effects at the population level. It is concerned with the variability of drug effects between individuals in a population and between populations.

Answer 7

Pharmacoepidemiology

Question 8

Induced practitioners to use laudanum (an opium preparation), sulphur, iron, copper sulphate, potassium sulphate, mercurials and tinctures and fluid extract of various plants for treatment of diseases.

Answer 8

Paracelsus

Question 9

Are non-nitrogenous substances obtained from plants. On hydrolysis yield two molecules namely a sugar molecule and a ‘genine’ or ‘aglycone’ molecule. Sugar helps in the dissolution of the preparation while the pharmacological action rests with the ‘aglycone.

Answer 9

Glycosides

Question 10

Are drugs that can be used only on the order of a licensed veterinarian/ physician/ dentist/ surgeon based on a prescription. They are also known as legend drugs.

Answer 10

Prescription drugs

Question 11

Route of drug administration is particularly useful in laboratory animal medicine and neonatal animals and for the administration of large volumes. There is a very large absorbing area and absorption is rapid.

Answer 11

Intraperitoneal administration

Question 12

Is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanism of action. It is the response of the organism to the action of a drug in the absence of a disease. Is what the drug does to the body.

Answer 12

Pharmacodynamics

Question 13

Absorbed by mouth pass directly into the systemic circulation without entering the portal system and so escape the first-pass metabolism. This type of tablet is useful in the treatment of angina pectoris where the drug enters directly into the systemic circulation and provides immediate effect. Once the required effect has been achieved, the excess tablet can be spit off.

Answer 13

Sublingual drugs

Question 14

Introduced homeopathy meaning ‘similar suffering at the commencement of 19th century. In Greek, “homos” means same and “patheia” means suffering. He was known as the father of homeopathy. Homeopathy introduced by him had two newer principles that like cures like’ and ‘dilution potentiates the action of drugs’.

Answer 14

Samuel Hahnemann

Question 15

Is the most important mechanism of transport for majority of drugs. Lipid soluble drugs diffuse by dissolving in the lipoidal matrix of the membrane. The rate of transport being proportional to lipid: water partition coefficient of the drug.

Answer 15

Passive diffusion

Question 16

Deals with the biochemical and biophysical characteristics of interactions between drug molecules and those of the cell. it is molecular biology applied to pharmacology and toxicology.

Answer 16

Molecular pharmacology

Question 17

Should be administered in small quantities and when given in excess they may produce death without much postmortem changes for diagnosis. (Adrenaline is considered as animal alkaloid).

Answer 17

Alkaloids

Question 18

Are designed to produce slow uniform release and absorption of the drug over a period of 8 hours or more. They are also known as spansules or timesules.

Answer 18

Timed release preparations

Question 19

Is the study of how the effects of drugs vary with biological timing and endogenous periodicities.

Answer 19

Chronopharmacology

Question 20

is a separate discipline in the health sciences. it is the profession responsible for the preparation, dispensing and appropriate use of medication, and provides services to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes.

Answer 20

Pharmacy

Question 21

This route is used mainly for diagnostic purposes eg. for Tuberculin and Johnin testing in cattle and also for hypersensitivity testing before administering some drugs known to induce hypersensitivity.

Answer 21

Intradermal administration

Question 22

Type of oil are also known as essential oils example eucalyptus oil and turpentine oil which is a product after distillation.

Answer 22

volatile oils

Question 23

Route of administration is useful when the animal is unconscious or vomiting. Absorption is often incomplete and erratic. Drugs can be administered in the form of enema or suppository. Irritant and unpleasant drugs can be administered in this route. However, inflammation may occur due to highly irritant drugs.

Answer 23

Rectal route of drug administration

Question 24

Focuses on the actions and effects of drugs and other chemical agents with physiological, biochemical, microbiological, immunological, or behavioral factors influencing disease. Each of these areas is closely interwoven with the subject matter and experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, cellular biology, microbiology, immunology, genetics, and pathology.

Answer 24

Therapeutics

Question 25

Are drugs used for non-medical purposes that are liable to disable the individual seriously as a functioning member of the society by inducing severe psychological and/or physical dependence. eg. Heroin

Answer 25

Hard drugs

Question 26

Includes history, scope, branches and related terms, sources of different drugs, route of administration, biological membrane, pharmacokinetics and dynamics of drug, receptors structure, dose response curve, and adverse effects of drugs.

Answer 26

General Veterinary Pharmacology

Question 27

Aims to quantify in economic terms the cost and benefit of drugs used therapeutically.

Answer 27

Pharmacoeconomics

Question 28

In this route the drug is administered through the membranes enclosing the central nervous system in the lumbar area or into the cisterna magna. It is occasionally used for radiographic examinations and chemotherapy of central nervous system infections and neoplasms.

Answer 28

Intrathecal administration

Question 29

Provide an important source of drugs especially the antibiotics. All the antibioties used against a variety of pathogens and also cancer are obtained from fungi, bacteria or actinomycetes. Some systemic drugs like ergot alkaloids (fungal source) are also obtained from microbes.

Answer 29

Microbes

Question 30

Is one that contains a number of substances with no therapeutic efficacy. It is a result of ignorant attempt to cure the disease, no matter what may be its nature

Answer 30

Shotgun prescription

Question 31

Is the study of action of drugs and drug metabolism, how drugs interact with, and influences, the physiology of the organism.

Answer 31

Biochemical pharmacology

Question 32

Continues until enough molecules have passed from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration till equilibrium is attained on either side of the membrane. Drug molecules continue to move, however, such that an equal number move into and out of both the areas.

Answer 32

Passive diffusion

Question 33

Is the study of the medicine dosages, which varies with the species of animals, the intended effect of the drug and the individual tolerance or susceptiorty.

Answer 33

Posology

Question 34

Was a famous Greek Physician who practiced in Rome. His name is still used to refer some drugs as galenical drugs. He was the father of polypharmacy.

Answer 34

Galen

Question 35

Is the study of the adverse or toxic effects of drugs and other chemical agents. It is concemed both with drugs used in the treatment of disease and chemicals that may present household. environmental, or industrial hazards.

Answer 35

Toxicology

Question 36

Route of drug administration is used to administer anti-inflammatory agents into the joint capsule.

Answer 36

Intraarticular administration

Question 37

Is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problem.

Answer 37

Pharmacovigilance

Question 38

In these processes transport across the cell membrane is facilitated by formation of vesicles. This is an active process and requires the cell to expend energy. If the engulfed particle is not susceptible to enzyme degradation, it will persist like particles of talc or droplets of liquid paraffin.

Answer 38

pinocytosis and phagocytosis

Question 39

Is an obsolete didactic subject that was concerned with pharmacy, posology, pharmacognosy and indications for therapeutic use of the drug.

Answer 39

Materia medica

Question 40

Drugs that are lipid soluble and non-irritating can be administered in this route, so that absorption directly from the oral cavity is achieved when a rapid response is required, particularly when the drug is either unstable at gastric pH or rapidly metabolized by the liver. Eg. Glyceryl trinitrate.

Answer 40

Sublingual tablets

Question 41

A professor of Dorpat University who was known as the father of Pharmacology set up the first laboratory to study pharmacology. He discarded many remedies because rational scientific action or explanation could not be demonstrated in his laboratory.

Answer 41

Buccheim

Question 42

Are bitter to taste. They are incompatible with the alkalies, tannic acid and heavy metals. and represent the waste products of plant metabolism and their names end with 'ine'

Answer 42

Alkaloids

Question 43

Is the study of drugs that are either hormones or hormone derivatives, or drugs that may modify the sections of normally secreted hormones.

Answer 43

Endocrine pharmacology

Question 44

Is any chemical agent except food that is used to promote or safeguard the health of human beings or animals. It is also defined as any substance or product that is used or intended, to be used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient.

Answer 44

Drug

Question 45

Is the study of the actions of the drugs in the body over a defined period of time. it deals with the absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of the drug. Is ‘what the body does to the drug’.

Answer 45

Pharmacokinetics

Question 46

A number of drugs synthesized in the laboratory are used most commonly. Even natural products such as hormones, antimicrobials etc. are also synthesized in the laboratory.

Answer 46

Synthetic sources of drugs

Question 47

Provide various inorganic materials not available from plants or animals. These sources are used as they occur in nature or can be combined with other ingredients.

Answer 47

Metallic and nonmetallic minerals

Question 48

Also involves a specialized carrier molecule. However, in active transport a drug molecule Is taken up by a specialized carrier molecule in the membrane and the cell expends energy to move the drug molecules across or to "reset" the carrier molecule for the next transport movement.

Answer 48

active transport

Question 49

Are agents that satisfy the healthcare needs of majority of the population. They should therefore be available at all times in adequate amounts and in appropriate dosage form.

Answer 49

Essential drugs

Question 50

Regarded as 'Father of Modern Veterinary Pharmacology. He authored the ist edition of 'veterinary pharmacology & therapeutics' in 1954 and was instrumental in shifting emphasis in the veterinary curriculum from materia medica to the modern science of veterinary pharmacology.

Answer 50

L Meyer Jones

Question 51

is a vehicle for cure by suggestion and is surprisingly often successful though only temporarily. it can be used as a control in scientific evaluation of drugs and to benefit or please a patient not by pharmacological actions but by psychological means

Answer 51

Placebo

Question 52

Types of oil namely obtained by expression.

Answer 52

Fixed oils

Question 53

Is the passage of drugs through aqueous pores in the membrane or through paracellular spaces. This can be accelerated if hydrodynamic flow of the solvent is occurring under the hydrostatic or osmotic pressure gradient.

Answer 53

Filtration

Question 54

Are nitrogenous substances obtained from various parts of the plant. Containing oxygen are solids and comparatively non volatile (cocaine) while those that do not contain oxygen are liquids and volatile (nicotine, lobeline and conline). these are insoluble in water while their salts (atropine sulphate, caffeine citrate) are soluble in water.

Answer 54

Alkaloids

Question 55

Is the science which involves all aspects of the action of drugs on living system. It is the study of the therapeutic value and/or potential toxicity of chemical agents on biological systems. It targets every aspect of the mechanisms for the chemical actions of both traditional and novel therapeutic agents.

Answer 55

Pharmacology

Question 56

Is a transport mechanism across biological membranes that involve a special "carrier molecule" in the membrane which facilitates the movement of certain molecules across the membrane.

Answer 56

Facilitated diffusion

Question 57

Is the study of the use of and the effects of drugs in large numbers of people.

Answer 57

Pharmacoepidemiology

Question 58

Is the science that deals with the preparation, formulation, manufacture, standardization, preservation and dispensing of drugs. The term pharmacy also indicates the place where drugs are dispensed or sold.

Answer 58

Pharmacy

Question 59

Are pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means, mostly of the vegetable material.

Answer 59

Galenical drugs

Question 60

Concerns the effects of drugs on the heart, the vascular system, and those parts of the nervous and endocrine systems that participate in regulating cardiovascular function.

Answer 60

Cardiovascular pharmacology

Question 61

Are dried exudates obtained by incision on stems of various plants. They form a jelly with water.

Answer 61

Gums

Question 62

Are drugs that are destroyed by the gastric juice or that cause gastric irritation can be administered orally with a coating that prevents dissolution in the acidic gastric contents. They dissolve once they reach the duodenum and release the active drug. Onset of drug action can be delayed with enteric-coated tablets.

Answer 62

Enteric coated preparations

Question 63

The carriers for polar molecules appear to form a hydrophobic coating over the hydrophyllic groups and thus facilitate passage through the membranes. Substances permitting transit of ions across membranes are called____________.

Answer 63

ionophores

Question 64

Are drugs that are inactive or have a low order of activity in the form administered and are metabolised to the active form in the body.

Answer 64

Pro-drugs

Question 65

Is the study of genetically determined variations in animals that are revealed by the effect of drugs.

Answer 65

Pharmacogenetics

Question 66

Advocated methods like venesection, leeching emetics and drastic purgatives. Large doses of purgatives were given. The patient either survived or died. This sort of symptomatic treatment was referred to as allopathy meaning 'other suffering'. This term allopathy is now being used to refer modern medicine.

Answer 66

Gregory

Question 67

Is the area of pharmacology that deals with drugs used for the treatment of microbial infections and malignancies. Chemotherapeutic agents selectively inhibit the growth of, or kill, the infectious agent or cancer cell without seriously impairing the normal functions of the host.

Answer 67

Chemotherapy

Question 68

Is useful when slow and continuous absorption is required. The formulation must be isotonic and at physiological pH. Certain drugs that are irritating can cause severe pain and necrosis. The rate of distribution of the drug is largely dependent on blood flow and hence, the rate of distribution can be slowed by including a vasoconstrictor.

Answer 68

Subcutaneous route of drug administration

Question 69

Are non-nitrogenous phenol derivatives found especially in leaves and bark. They are astringent in nature and form inky solutions with ferric salts. Catechu a tannic acid is used in the control of diarrhoea.

Answer 69

Tannins

Question 70

Is a random movement of drug molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. When a drug is injected into the body, it diffuses from the injection site to areas of lower concentration, eventually reaching a blood capillary and entering the systemic circulation. In this process no cellular energy is expended and no transport carrier protein is involved.

Answer 70

Passive diffusion

Question 71

Are drugs or biological products useful for diagnosis/treatment/prevention of a rare disease condition for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and marketing it will be recovered from the sales of that drug. Eg. Acetylcysteine. These drugs may be life saving for some patients, but are not commercially available.

Answer 71

Orphan drugs

Question 72

The drug combines with a carrier present in the membrane and the complex then translocates from one side of the membrane to the other.

Answer 72

Carrier mediated transport

Question 73

Studies the effects of drugs on behavior of organism. It includes topics such as the effects of psychoactive drugs on the phenomena of learning, memory, wakefulness, sleep and the behavioral consequences of experimental intervention in enzyme activity and brain neurotransmitter levels and metabolism.

Answer 73

Behavioral pharmacology

Question 74

Are those preparations that can be sold without any prescription because they can be adequately labeled for layman use.

Answer 74

Over the counter drugs

Question 75

Drug molecules may enter a cell by being physically engulfed by the cell. A portion of the cellular membrane surrounds the drug molecule and takes it within the cell.

Answer 75

Pinocytosis and phagocytosis

Question 76

Introduced inorganic chemicals like mercury into medicine. He called this ‘latro Chemistry' or medicinal chemistry.

Answer 76

Paracelsus

Question 77

Are solid brittle substances formed from terpenes by oxidation. They are insoluble in water. Resin can be oleo resin, gum resin or balsams.

Answer 77

Resins

Question 78

Is the study of the techniques used in the measurement of drug effects to the administered dose of drug.

Answer 78

Pharmacometrics

Question 79

Is the application of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics to patients with diseases, it also includes pharmacogenetic component.

Answer 79

Clinical pharmacology

Question 80

Is the study of the source of drugs. It also deals with the physical and chemical properties of drugs.

Answer 80

Pharmacognosy

Question 81

This term describes the use of genetic information to guide the choice of drug therapy on an individual basis.

Answer 81

Pharmacogenomics

Question 82

Are drugs that affect the intellect. These drugs are claimed to enhance learning, increase brain resistance to stress including hypoxia and stimulate brain metabolism especially in senile patients. eg. Piracetam

Answer 82

Nootropic drugs

Question 83

Are non-nitrogenous substances resembling glycosides. They are soluble in water and on shaking they give persistent foam. On hydrolysis this split into sugar and aglycone.

Answer 83

Saponins

Question 84

Process of Puncturing a vein. this is required to collect blood, to give I/V etc.

Answer 84

Venipuncture

Question 85

Can move drug molecules against the concentration gradient (from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration).

Answer 85

active transport