teas science > skeletal system > Flashcards

skeletal system Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

5 categories of bones

A
  1. long bones
  2. short bones
  3. flat bones
  4. irregular bones
  5. sesamoid bones
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2
Q

long bones

A
  • long + cylindric;
  • support weight, allow movement
  • femur, humerus, tibia
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3
Q

short bones

A
  • cube shaped
  • good for stability not movement
  • carpals (wrist), tarsals (ankles)
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4
Q

flat bones

A
  • thin, flat, usually curved
  • protect organs
  • ribs, skull, sternum, scapula
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5
Q

irregular bones

A
  • oddly shaped, comoplex
  • dont fit any other category
  • skull bones, many facial bones, vertebrae
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6
Q

sesamoid bones

A
  • found in tendons
  • patella (kneecap)
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7
Q

compact bone

A
  • dense outer layer of bone
  • contains
    1. osteons (basic unit of compact bone)
    2. haversean canal (center canal for blood vessels and nerves )
    3. Lamellae (concentric rings of bones)
    4. Lacunae (small spaces housing osteocytes)
    5. Canaliculi (tiny channels connecting cells)
    6. Volkmans canals (carry vessels horizontally)
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8
Q

spongy bone

A
  • found inside bone
  • contains trabeculae (mesh like structures)
  • lighter and porous
  • contains red bone marrow (blood cell production)
  • thing of it like a strong honeycomb
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9
Q

periosteum

A
  • outer covering of the bone
  • contains nerves, blood vessels
  • helps with bone growth and repair
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10
Q

more on spongey bone

A
  • made of thin interconnected plates called trabeculae
  • no central canals unlike compact bone
  • contains osteocytes in little spaces called caniculi
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11
Q

extracellular matrix

A
  • inorganic part: calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate - hardness and strength
  • organic part: mainly collagen + GAGS + non collagen proteins - flexibility
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12
Q

osteoblasts

A
  • come from osteoprogenitor cells
  • build bone by secreting collagen + bone matrix
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13
Q

osteocytes

A
  • mature bone cells trapped in lacunae
  • maintain bone tissue
  • recycle minerals
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14
Q

osteoclasts

A
  • formed from monocytes ( a type of WBC)
  • break down bone (resorption) using acid + enzymes
  • release calcium into the blood
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15
Q

joint classifications

A
  1. fibrous joints
  2. cartilaginous joints
  3. synovial joints
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16
Q

fibrous joints

A
  • held together by fibrous connective tissue
  • no movement or very little
  • suture: immovable, skull
  • gomphosis: immovable, teeth in sockets
  • syndesmosis: slightly moveable, distal tibia fibula
  • no joint cavities
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17
Q

cartilaginous joints

A
  • bones held by cartilage
  • synchondrosis: hyaline cartilage, almost no movement (first rib - sternum)
  • symphysis: fibrocartilage, slightly movable (pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs)
  • limited movement
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18
Q

synovial joints

A
  • most common joint type
  • have a joint cavity with synovial fluid (reduces friction, allows smooth movement)
  • pivot, hinge, saddle, gliding, condyloid, ball and socket
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19
Q

pivot

A
  • rotation
  • neck
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20
Q

hinge

A
  • flex/extend
  • knee, elbow
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21
Q

saddle

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A
  • back and fourth + side to side
  • thumb
22
Q

gliding

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A
  • sliding
  • carpals
23
Q

condyloid

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A
  • flex, extend, side to side
  • Oval surface fits into a shallow cavity
  • knuckes
24
Q

ball and socket

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A
  • most movement
  • hip, shoulder
25
freely movable joints
have synovial fluid + joint cavity
26
functional classification of joints
synarthroses - immovable (skull sutures) amphiathroses - slightly moveable (pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs) diarthroses - freely moveable (all synovial joints)
27
functions of the skeletal system
- framework for the body - protects organs - stores calcium - provides attachment for muscles to provide movement - houses bone marrow - blood cell production
28
bone stores
35% collagen 65% inorganic calcium salts
29
calcium is needed for
- strong bones - nerve impulses - muscle contraction - blood clotting
30
when calcium is high
osteoblast deposit calcium into the bone osteoblasts lower blood calcium levels
31
when calcium is low
osteoclasts break down bone to release calcium osteoclasts raise blood calcium levels
32
types of bone fractures
1. closed (simple) fracture - bone breaks but does not pierce skin 2. open (compound) fracture - bone breaks thru the skin 3. comminuted fracture - bone breaks into multiple pieces
33
greenstick fracture
- bone bends + cracks (does not break all the way) - happens in kids cuz there bones are still soft
34
spiral fracture
- bone is twisted and breaks in a spiral shape - usually from twisting injuries like sports
35
avulsion fracture
a tendon or ligament pulls of a piece of bone happens when a muscle contracts suddenly and strongly
36
oblique fracture
- diagonal/angled break across the bone
37
transverse fracture
- break is straight across the bone at a right angle
38
pathological fracture
- bone breaks from a disease, not trauma - bone is weak (ex:osteoporosis) so even light pressure can break it
39
what is cartilage
- a type pf connective tissue - matrix is flexible but strong - no nerves - avascular (no blood vessels) - covered by perichondrium except for joints
40
chondroblasts
build matrix
41
chondrocytes
mature cells sitting in lacunae
42
types of cartilage
1. hyaline cartilage 2. fibrocartilage 3. elastic cartilage
43
hyaline cartilage
- most common type - lots of collagen fibers - provides support + flexibility - nose ribs trachea ends of long bones
44
fibrocartilage
- toughest cartilage - thick collagen fibers - great for shock absorption - intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus
45
elastic cartilage
- elastic fibers (super flexible) - found in ear, epiglottis - bends and goes back to shape
46
ligaments
- bone to bone - made of dense regular connective tissue - provide stability to joints
47
tendons
- connect muscle to bone - also made of dense regular tissue - strong, resist stretching - more elastic than ligaments because of elastic fibers
48
hormones that control blood calcium levels
1. parathyroid hormone 2. calcitonin
49
parathyroid hormone
- made by parathyroid glands - increases blood calcium by 1. stimulating osteoclasts 2. increasing calcium reabsorption in kidneys 3. increasing activation of vitamin D ( more Ca absorbed from intestines)
50
calcitonin
- made by thyroid gland - lowers blood calcium by 1. inhibiting osteoclasts 2. helping osteoblasts store calcium in bone
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