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urinary system Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

3 protective layers of kidney

A
  1. Renal fascia
  2. Adipose capsule
  3. renal capsule
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2
Q

renal fascia

A

outer connective tissue layer (anchors kidney)

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3
Q

adipose capsule

A

middle layer of fat (protects + cushions kidney)

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4
Q

renal capsule

A

innermost layer (thin, tough, protects kidney from infection)

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5
Q

regions of the kidney

A
  1. cortex
  2. medulla
  3. renal pailla
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6
Q

cortex (outer region)

A
  • contains nephrons (filtration units)
  • looks granular because of the nephrons
  • site of ultrafiltration (blood pushes thru glomerulus under high pressure)
  • most water reabsorption happens here
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7
Q

medulla (inner region)

A
  • contains renal pyramids
  • pyramids contain tubules and collecting ducts
  • filtrate moves from cortex - medulla - renal papilla
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8
Q

renal papilla

A
  • tip of each pyramid
  • filtrate (now urine) drips into minor calyces
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9
Q

calyces - renal pelvis - ureter

A
  • minor calyx collects urine from papilla
  • minor calyces join major calyx
  • major calyces join renal pelvis
  • renal pelvis narrows to ureter
  • ureter carries urine into the bladder
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10
Q

nephron

A
  • functional unit of the kidney
  • has 2 major parts
    1. renal corpuscle
    2. renal tubule
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11
Q

renal corpuscle

A
  • filters blood
  • contains
    1. Bowmans capsule
    2. Glomerulus
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12
Q

Bowmans capsule

A
  • cup shaped structure
  • surrounds the glomerulus
  • collects the filtrate
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13
Q

glomerulus

A
  • ball of capillaries inside Bowmans capsule
  • has fenestrated (leaky) capillaries
  • high pressure - pushes fluid out
    1. afferent arteriole - wide (brings blood in)
    2. efferent arteriole - narrow (takes blood out)
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14
Q

renal tubule

A
  • modifies filtrate/urine
  • contains
    1. proximal convoluted tubule
    2. loop of henle
    3. distal convoluted tubule
    4. collecting duct
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15
Q

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A
  • starts at Bowmans capsule
  • main site of reabsorption
  • reabsorbs water, glucose, amino acids, ions
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16
Q

loop of henle

A
  • descends into medulla
  • creates a concentration gradient
  • reabsorbs water and ions making urine more concentrated
  • concentrates urine by removing water and salt in different parts.
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17
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A
  • fine tunes ion levels
  • controlled by aldosterone
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18
Q

collecting duct

A
  • final place urine is concentrated
  • responds to ADH
  • more ADH = more reabsorbed water = concentrated urine
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19
Q

main kidney functions

A
  • filters blood
  • removes waste
  • regulates water + electrolytes
  • makes hormones (EPO + Calcitriol)
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20
Q

mesangial cells

A
  • supports capillaries
  • help regulate blood flow and filtration
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21
Q

Bowmans capsule 2 layers

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A
  1. parietal layer
  2. visceral layer
22
Q

parietal layer

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A
  • outer layer
  • structure
23
Q

visceral layer

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A
  • made of podocytes
  • podocytes have pedicels, forming filtration slits
  • these slits + basement membrane = filtration membrane
24
Q

proximal convoluted tubule expanded

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A
  • first section of Bowmans capsule
  • lined with cuboidal cells with dense microvilli (huge surface area)
  • main site of reabsorption (water, glucose, AA)
  • secretes H+, creatinine
25
loop of henle expanded
- maintains high solute concentration - allows kidney to concentrate urine 1. descending limb - reabsorbs water only - filtrate becomes more concentrated 2. ascending limb - reabsorbs ions only - filtrate becomes more dilute
26
DCT expanded
- shorter and less microvilli than PCT - reabsorbs Na+, Ca+, and small amounts of water - secretes H+, K+
27
collecting duct expanded
- final site of reabsorption - shared by many nephrons - secretes H+, K+ - reabsorbs Na, water - filtrate drains to minor calyx - major calyx - pelvis - ureter
28
formation of urine (3 steps)
1. glomerular filtration 2. tubular reabsorption 3. tubular secretion
29
glomerular filtration
- happens in renal corpuscle - filtration membrane allows water, ions, glucose, amino acids, small molecules - it blocks blood cells and proteins
30
tubular reabsorption
- return useful stuff back to blood - PCT does most of the reabsorption - Loop and DCT fine tune - collecting duct adjusts water based on hormones
31
tubular secretion
- moves waste from blood into filtrate - helps control 1. pH 2. potassium levels 3. drug removal
32
countercurrent mechanism
Opposite-flow system in the loop of henle helps the kidney save water make concentrated urine
33
ADH
- mainly controls water - inserts aquaporins to make water leave filtrate - urine becomes very concentrated
34
aldosterone
- reabsorbs sodium - water follows sodium - increases blood volume and also concentrates urine - less dramatic than ADH
35
ureter
- muscular tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder - uses peristalsis (waves of smooth muscle contractions) + gravity
36
bladder
- can stretch and hold 600 ml of urine - lined with transitional epithelium to help stretch
37
detrusor muscle
- smooth muscle in the bladder wall - contracts to push urine out
38
2 sphincters that control urination
1. internal urethral sphincter 2. external urethral sphincter
39
internal urethral sphincter
- smooth muscle (involuntary) - controlled by the sympathetic nervous system - stays closed until ur body is ready
40
external urethral sphincter
- skeletal muscle (voluntary) - when you relax it, usually can urinate
41
kidney role in homeostasis
help regulate BP and osmolarity
42
ADH role in BP
- released when BP is low or blood is too concentrated - makes collecting duct more permeable to water - more water reabsorbed - higher blood volume - higher blood pressure
43
RAAS system
1. renin is released when BP drops 2. renin turns angiotensin into angiotensin I 3. in the lungs angiotensin I turns into angiotensin II 4. angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and tells adrenal cortex to release aldosterone 5. aldosterone reabsorbs sodium and water follows it 6. BP increases
44
osmoregulation
keeping the right amount of water and salt in your blood
45
if blood is too concentrated (high osmolarity)
- hypothalamus detects it - ADH is released - water is reabsorbed - blood becomes less concentrated
46
if blood pressure is low
- aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption - blood osmolarity rises - water moves back into blood
47
the kidneys help control blood pH by doing two things
1. excreting or keeping H+ ions 2. reabsorbs or gets rid of bicarbonate
48
more on controlling pH
if the blood is too acidic, the kidneys - get rid of H+ (acidic) - keep bicarbonate which is basic vice versa
49
removal of nitrogenous waste
- your cells create nitrogen waste when they break down proteins - your kidney must remove these wastes so they don't build up
50
the main nitrogenous wastes are
1. Amonia (NH3) - very toxic - converted by the liver into urea 2, Urea - most common - filtered by kidneys - reabsorbed a little but mostly excreted 3. Uric acid - produced by nucleic acid breakdown - mostly reabsorbed, small amount excreted - high levels = gout or kidney stones 4. Creatinine - comes from muscle metabolism - not reabsorbed
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