Definition of approach
It is formed by a theory of language and a theory of language learning. It is a source of principles in language teaching.
Definition of technique
It is consistent with a method and therefore with an approach. It is a specific kind of activity that has a specific goal. It is the narrowest term
How has foreign language teaching evolve before 19th century
- During the Roman Empire: Greeks were taught latin by teacher-slaves.
- During the middle ages: Latin was acquired through the rote learning of grammar rules in monastic schools
- In the 16th and 17th: Latin mantained some relevance as a mental gymnastics and a model of foreign language study.
- In the 18th: Foreing languages entered into the Europeab curriculum of schools and were taught in the way as Latin had been taught.
The Grammar-Translation method
- Beginning of 19th century, primary modern method used in FLT.
- Use of Native Language
- Focused on grammar
- Translation and early reading of classical texts
- Result: inhability to communicate
The direct method
- 1920
- Oral priority
- Use of FL in classroom
- Reading aloud, dictations and repetitions
- Deducing of grammar rules
- Categorized vocabulary
The Audiolingual Method
- 1950
- Focus on separate units: phonological, grammatical and lexical units. Language as a set of structures
- Priority of oral skills
- Repetitions
- Students had a very limited role based on stimulus-response conditioning
The oral/situational language teaching
- 1960
- Situational contexts for the presentation of language.
- Inductive approach to grammar
- Guided repetition and substitution exercises
What does new theories from 20th century maintained?
A language was learnt through the formation of rules
The cognitive approach
- Students active and responsible of their own learning.
- Focus on written skills
- Grammar is taught and errors corrected
- Inductive teaching of communicative competence
+Silent Way
The Humanistic Approach
- The students considered human beings = Development of the student and affective considerations, relaxed atmosphere.
- Student active.
- Take in considerations learning styles, needs and interests. (Gardner, 1983)
- Cooperation and interaction - motivation (Harmer, 2007)
+ Community Language Learning + Suggestopedia
The Comprehension Based Approach
- Similar to 1st language acquisition
- Meaningful communication is primary goal and grammar rules are secondary
- Learners not forced to produce until they feel ready
- Input +1
+Natural approach +TPR
The Communicative Approach
- Recommended in the CEFRL
- Development of the CC through tasks and activities.
- Cooperative work, role-plays, authentic materials, integrated skills.
- Teacher as a facilitator
- Language activities: real tasks or communicative pedagogic tasks
The Action Based Approach
- Students are social agents that must complete a goal with a social impact
- Levels from A1 to C2
- Notion of tasks
The Silent Way
- Caleb Gattegno
- Teacher remains silent, guiding the process
- Learning by Visual Colour sound Charts and Cuisenaire rods
- Syllabus all around structures and vocabulary
- Sounds, accuracy and intonation are reinforced
The Community Language Learning
- Charles Curran
- Language is a social communication system
- Use of assemblies
- Teacher as a tutor
- No specific syllabus
Desuggestopedia
- Georgi Lozanov
- Confortable and relaxing atmosphere to facilitate learning.
- 2 levels of communication: concious and unconcious
- Teacher as parents
- Importance of intonation, rhythm and background music during class.
The Natural Approach
- Krashen and Tracy Terrell
- Distinction between acquisition and learning. FLL must be as 1st language acquisition
- Syllabus topics chosen by the students
- Communicative situations by means of authentic materials
The TPR
- James Asher
- Physical response to verbal instructions
- Similar to 1st language acquisition (first orally)
- Activates 2 hemispheres of the brain
- Stress is reduced because of movement and not force students to produce
- Provides feedback to the teachee and improve non-verbal communication
CALL
- Computer Assisted Language Learning
- Multi-media resources with an interactive character to practice communication
- Development of DC
- Promotion of the TDE project of Junta de Andalucía
Flipped Learning
Theoretical contents are acquired through internet at home while classroom is transformed into a dynamic and interactive environment to apply the knowledge.
ABP
Learning come from an initial project worked from every subject
TPRS
Teaching proficiency through Reading and Storytelling.
Based on natural approach and TPR method but adding the storytelling of diverse literary books
What methodology is suggested by the curriculum?
Eclectic methodology in which CC is the main goal.
Introduction 13
- Historically - variety of approaches, methods and techniques
- Approach/method/technique
- Bona (2015)
- DUA
- Prospective
