1
Q
How is a succesful marriage influenced by personality traits ?
A
- partner tend to be slightly similar
- high score on agreebalness and emotional stability 0.4
- so it is not about similarity it is rather about the single traits
2
Q
What are the three attachment styles ?
A
- anxious attachment
- avoident atachment
- secure attachment
3
Q
What is an anxious attachment and by which personality traits is it determined ?
A
- tendency to worry about the loss of a partner
- negativle correlation regarding emotional stability and conscientiousness
4
Q
What is an avoident attachment and by which personality traits is it determined ?
A
- tendency to feel uncomfortable being emotionally close to one’s partner
- negative correlation regarding extraversion and conscientiousness
5
Q
Which personality traits are correlated to a good parenting style ?
A
- high oppeness
- extraversion
6
Q
Which character traits influneces friendships and peer relationship ?
A
- honesty and humility and openess 0.25 are important for your choice of friends
- Honesty = values
- so u share basically the same values
- overestimation of similarity 0.4
7
Q
How do u become a popular or a rejected child ?
A
- Popular = high in sociability low in agresseion
- rejected = visa versa
8
Q
What is a neglected type of character ?
A
- disliked and liked by few
- low aggression low sociability
9
Q
What is a controversial type of character ?
A
- diliked and liked by many
- high in aggression and high socialbility
10
Q
How do we gain a high social status and which character traits does it determin?
A
- high on Extraversion for young adults
- high on conscientious for workers
11
Q
Which character traits influence the abuse of substance ?
A
- low lvl of conscientiousness -> can not resist temptation
- low emotional stability -> more temptation
- the more negative the lvl of C then less u can quitt smoking
12
Q
How is longevity and personal traits related to each other ?
A
- high dependability (conscientiousness ) are corelated to a longer live because of more engagment in social support and less risk taking
- high cheefulness (optimism) = lower relization of serious issues
13
Q
Which personality trait fnfluencess academic performances ?
A
- High conscientiousnss linkt to self discipline and organization
- also intellegence of course
- in elementery school all 5 factors play a role
14
Q
Which personaliity traits ifluences criminal behavior ?
A
- lack of self control
- willingness to take risks and inhibtion of impulses 0.4
- negative corelation on honesty
15
Q
What is the distinction between primary psychopath and secondary psychopath ?
A
- coolly calculating/no impulses & rational -> low emotionality
- poor self-control -> low conscientiousness
16
Q
What influences life satisfication ?
A
- 0.4 heritability
- extraversion & emotional stability
- > because of high self esteem and socialbility
17
Q
What does a more positive life satisfication lead to ?
A
- Influences not only how one evaluates life but also the experiences one has
18
Q
What did Costa and MC Care conclude regarding the correlation of the stability of traits average over the life time ?
A
- 0.7 correlation that traits are stable over the years
19
Q
Why was the finding of a correlation (0.70) regarding stability of trait of the life span so important ?
A
- Cause it makes prediction possible regarding socialisation and anticipation of major life events
20
Q
How do the big 5 traits of the life span change ? Look at the graph
A
- Conscientousness, emotional stability Extraversion (Aseertive) = all increase
- Emotional stability and extraversion stops at around 30 -50 years
- Agrrebalness = conscitiousness just slower increase
- Extraversion (sociable) = decrease over years
- opennes sortly increase till 20 then stabel
21
Q
What can we conclude regarding the the big 5 trait changes ?
A
- we gain greater maturity (impulse control)
22
Q
Why do our personality traits change ?
A
- Because:
1. Biological process (changes of hormones neurotransmitter and genes)
2. Substance abuse
3. intervention therapy
4. social investment hypothesis
23
Q
What is the social investment theory ?
A
- via Important events & changes in social roles we change our personality traits
24
Q
In general how long are personality traits changable or how long do they change ?
A
- till the end of life (old age)
- most happen between the age of 20 to 40 (most important time)
- time has a positive effect on personality traits = more socialy mature
- uses “mean lvl changes” to conclude the study
25
What is the defintion of mean lvl changes mean ?
- gains and looses in specific perosnlaity trait over a specifc period of time (age) for a population of individuals
26
What does the lifespan development theory conclude regarding the mean lvl changes of personality traits ?
- that there are changes which deviant from the population mean
- basically that there is variability across individuals
27
What is the difference regarding longer longitudinal studies and shorter longitudinal studies ?
- slightly decrease of stability regarding personality but nothing significantly important if you take a longer logitudinal study (0.7 to 0.65)
28
Why would it be not so smart to conduct a longitudinal study on personality traits on youg adults ?
- cause in that period highest variablity due to lots of changes -> findings would conclude less stability
29
Why would a longitudinal study with childreen not make any sense regarding personality traits ?
- obtaining infromation (personality description of a child is to difficult (language reading barrier) -> all based on mother reporst
30
What are some general findings regarding personlity traits of childreen and there stability ?
- Shifiting of personality trait is possible so rather unstable
- between toddlerhood & early childhood (.35)
- early & middle childhood (.60)
31
What kind of theories explain personality as a rather stable condition or unstable condition ?
- Stable: Dynamic equilibrium model , five factor theory
- Unstable: Neo-socioanalytic model,
- Both (stable and unstabel): Paradoxical theory of personality coherence
32
What is the definition of the Neo-socioanalytic model ?
- personality changes can occur at any age & individuals change because of investments in social roles
- based on social investment theory
- E.g police can not smoke weed in uniform
33
What is the definition of Dynamic equilibrium model ?
- you have an individual lvl for each personality trait which is stabel and can only change temporarily before turning back to the set point
34
What is the definition of the five factor theory ?
- big five traits are only biologically determined -> no environmental impact
35
What is the definition of the Paradoxical theory of personality coherence?
- personality is particularly stable in the face of major life events
- Only changes if there is a clear role change which contains all relevant information
36
Can personality traits be changed as a result of intervention ?
- Yes they can !
37
Which personality trait was the most influencial one regarding interventions ?
1. Emotional stability
| 2. Extraversion
38
Is there any typicall therapy method which was shown to be more usefull then the any other mothed ?
- no specific method showed a better succs regarding intervention of a personality trait
39
Which disorder could be treated the most by using the intervention ?
- Anxiety disorder was easy to treat
| - substance abuse was the most difficult to treat
40
What is the state artefact position regarding personality changes ?
- changes in personlaity are only temporarly and return after a while back to the baseline
- temporary base change
- it is about a state change (mood change)
41
What is the cause correlation position regarding personality changes ?
- changes in psychological outcomes are the result of changes in the trait not in the state component
- actual baseline changes
42
Which theory was seen to be more stable ?(cause correlation position vs state artefact position)
- > cause correlation position
| - > proof that interventions are helpfull
43
How long does it take for a personality to change ?
- change more quickly then thought to do
- most gains in the first month
- beyond 8 weeks everything should be set
44
is intelligence stable or flexible ?
- flexible
- IQ very strongly heritable
- fully IQ potential reached by the age of 6
45
Which is the most influencial predictor regarding life outcomes of the big 5 ?
- conscientiousness
46
What are the strongest two predictor of doing well in school ?
- Conscientious and intelligence
47
What is the selection effect ?
- personality predicts the occurrence of several major life events
- E.g : You get married because u are high on extraversion and openness
48
What is the sozialization effect ?
- personality changes as the result of experiencing major life events
- E.g: If you got married ur extraversion and openness goes down
49
- Explain the Formula rgearidng the interaction of IQ and personality
- Write it down !
VP = Ga+GxG + Ec+rGE+GxE+Ee
50
What does Vp stand for ?
- Total variance of phenotype in a given population
51
What does Ga+GxG stand for ?
- genetic variance
Ga = additive genetic variation
GxG = gene interactions
52
What does Ec stand for ?
- impact of the sahred enviorment
53
What does rGE+GxE stand for ?
- interplay between gentic and enviorment correlations
54
What does Ee stand for ?
- Stand for everything else which can not be explained
| - E.g unique shared enviorment
Personality and individual differences
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