Task 7

Question 1

how far can personality traits predict behavior based on Walter Mischel?

Answer 1

• personality traits have limited value when it comes to predicting behaviour
• It says that specific situation have an higher impact on behavior
• correlation between tarits and behavior 0.2

Question 2

What was the counter argument regarding walter michel suggestion ?

Answer 2

• the principle of aggregation

Question 3

What is the principle of aggregation ?

Answer 3

• it sees the importance of trait regarding behavior when we consider peoples overall pattern across many situation
• correlation between traits and behaviour 0.6
• it is about a cros situational consistency

Question 4

What is the general conclusion regarding the prediction of behavior ?

Answer 4

• we cannot guess accurately but can predict behavior fairly well
• situation is really important

Question 5

Which two main positions are there rgarding behavior and which one is the correct solution ?

Answer 5

• person position vs Situation position and both are correct !

Question 6

What is the combination of both sides (person position vs situation position) ?

Answer 6

• interactionsim

Question 7

What is meant by interactionsim ?

Answer 7

• they argree with situations that the situation is primary cause of behavior but also except the that personality trait exist and influence behavior

Question 8

What is the different between state and trait ?

Answer 8

• State = temporal emotional effect -> highly influenced by situation
• Trait = more stable fixed and influenced by genetics

Question 9

What is the trade lvl association ?

Answer 9

• I am more sociable because it is my trait

Question 10

What is the state lvl association ?

Answer 10

• being more sociable because it gives me a positive effect

Question 11

Name some facts regarding person position ?

Answer 11

• its says that behavior is build around traits
• behavior occurs similar multiple times
• trait is useful describing a behavior without refering to the situation

Question 12

Name some facts regarding situation position ?

Answer 12

• it says that behavior is build around situation
• behavior occurs randomly over multiple times
• trait is not useful predicting a behavior without reffering to a situation
• uses within person variability

Question 13

What is meant by within person variability ?

Answer 13

• reduce the usefulness of labelling a person as having a particular trait

Question 14

How does the density distribution curve look like regarding the person position ?

Answer 14

• same lvl of extraversion = in many different ocassions

- more like one peak

Question 15

How does the density distribution curve look like regarding the sitaution position ?

Answer 15

• different lvl of extraversion = in many different ocassions
• more like a mountain

Question 16

What is the density distribution approach ?

Answer 16

• determining how differently the typical person acts on different occasions

Question 17

What model supports the general conclusion regarding impact on behavior ?

Answer 17

• Felsons whole trait model ! = social cognitive theory

Question 18

What does the whole trait model predicts regarding predicting behavior ?

Answer 18

• we have baseline (average) lvl of traits interacting in a situation but in different situation some variability can occur around those averages due to affect -> but also the variability show a pattern around the mean which means we can also predict these states

Question 19

What has an major impact on the fluctuation within personality traits ?

Answer 19

• Affect (mood)

Question 20

How was the study conducted regarding the fluctuation in personalit traits ?

Answer 20

• ecological momentary assessment (EMA = momentaufnahmen) on smartphones or EAR (Electronically Activated Recorder more observational report)
• EMA = self report multiple times a day over a certain time spectrum

Question 21

To which personality trait did affect (mood) had the most impact ?

Answer 21

• Extraversion = positive affect = 0.37

- neuroticism = negative effect = 0.33-0,65

Question 22

What were the major outputs of the study regarding affect and variability in behavior ?

Answer 22

1. fluctuations are mainly due to affects reagrding personality states
2. Affect do have different impact on different personality traits A,O,X,N only C is not correlated to affect
3. Other variability then affects have an influence on behavior exspcially on conscientiousness

Question 23

What is the Personality-situation transactions theory ?

Answer 23

• describe how we select, create & change situations based on our traits
• E.G: more extraverted people engage more often in social situations

Question 24

What theory tells us which situation we prefer over another ?

Answer 24

• Personality-situation transactions theory

Question 25

Why would u think that there would be an increas regarding personality situation transactions theory over the ages ?

Answer 25

- Because with age u gain more self knowledge about ur traits so u can select certain situation even better !

Question 26

Why do we not search for the perfect situation with increasing age ?

Answer 26

- Certain situations have strong situational &; external demands - E.g: in workplace you can’t just get away from certain tasks/people to do something else

Question 27

What is the conclusion regarding the hypothesis that with older age you choose more specific situation ?

Answer 27

- No significant variance - only withinh young adults - Because of: 1. demands 2. not anymore focused on self fulfilment 3. physicall ability

Question 28

What was the only personality trait which showed an increase regarding increase of age ?

Answer 28

- Neuroticism | - > people want to be alone more , also more easier to be stressed about something

Question 29

What has an influence of current personality states ?

Answer 29

- life experineces in particular the once made by the day before

Question 30

How was the study conducted regarding work experience having an impact on personlaity states ?

Answer 30

- self reports were taken over two week multiple times a day

Question 31

What is predicted also by the state personality ?

Answer 31

- future situations | - > Example: when in conscientious state: choose more demanding tasks to take advantage of it

Question 32

Which trait predicts the most change regarding the next personality state and why ?

Answer 32

high neuroticism = more reactive to negative stressors = not clear which behavior its uses (approach or avoidnet) = high variation in perosnality state

Question 33

What is meant by approach orientation behvaior ?

Answer 33

- motivation to promote/sustain desired stimuli

Question 34

What is meant by avoidance orientation behavior ?

Answer 34

- motivation to prevent/reduce negative stimuli

Question 35

What does OCB mean and how is it correlated to the model, explained by elena ?-> example of the elena model

Answer 35

- Defi: extra voluntary work | - if you did take part of a OCB then on the next day u would have higher extraversion agreebalness and openness

Question 36

How does the model work which was explained by ELENA ?

Answer 36

- You have certain traits -> these traits predict how u see a certain experience. After interpreting the experience you choose based on ur traits and interpretation what kind of behavior u would like to take. (Approach or Avoident). The behavior then influence ur personality state on the next day ! - > that is how variation occurs regarding personality traits !