1
Q
What is a personality disorder ?
A
- extreme lvl of some personality characteristic
- it’s a stable and ongoing way of thinking feeling and behaving
- deviate from the norms
- impact the happines of the person and hsi or her surrounding
2
Q
When do personality disorder emerge ?
A
- adolescence and early adulthood
- influence from the disorder or the disorder itself Fluctuates over time
3
Q
What do personality disorder lead to ?
A
- inability to form and sustain interepsonal relationships
- higehr morbidity(higher illness) and mortality (risk of death)
- E.g higher suicide
4
Q
Why do we cluster according to the DSM 5 personality disorders ?
A
- because of clinicians and not because of a factor analysed cluster
5
Q
What kind of model is the DSM 5 and DSM 4 ?
A
- DSM 5 = hybrid model (Dimensional and categorical)
- DSM 4 = only categorical
6
Q
How would u describe cluster A of the DSM 5 ?
A
- odd eccentric (sonderling)
- Contains: Schizoid, Schizotypal, paranoid
7
Q
How would u describe cluster B of the DSM 5 ?
A
- dramatic , emotional , erratich (umberechenbar)
- Contains: Antiscoial, borderline, Histrionic, Narcistic
8
Q
How would u describe cluster C of the DSM 5 ?
A
- Anxcious and fearful
- Contains Aviodant, dependent obsessive compulsive
9
Q
How would u describe a schizoid person?
A
- Extreme Detachment
- no intrest in social or personal relationship
- limited expression of emotion
10
Q
How would u describe a schizotypal person ?
A
- Detachment and dificulty in having close relationship
- odd thinking and behaviour
- fascinated with paranormal
11
Q
How would u describe a Paranoid person ?
A
- Extreme distrust & suspiciousness of others
- Quick to feel insulted
- scraed to be harm
12
Q
How would u describe a Antiscoial person ?
A
- violate rights of others
- impulsive and aggresive
13
Q
How would u describe a Borderline person ?
A
- extreme impulsivity
- Substance abuse
- strong mood changes
- often harm themself
- > ask elena
14
Q
How would u describe a Histrionic person ?
A
- Are attention seeking
- over expression of emotion
- emotions are quickly changing
- thinks that relationships are close even though they are not
15
Q
How would u describe a Narcisstic person ?
A
- Strong sense of self-importance & entitlement (“grandiosity
16
Q
How would u describe a avoidant person ?
A
- Extrem shyness
- low self esteem
- lack of social contact
- Oversensitivity to possible negative evaluation
- > similar to schizo but they want contact instead of schizo
17
Q
How would u describe a dependent person?
A
- need to be taken care of
- depend on others
18
Q
How would u describe a Obsessive compulsive person ?
A
- Strong need for order and prfection
- highly stubborn
- value material things
19
Q
What are the major problems according totthe DSM 5 ?
A
- Symptoms of a given disorder don’t necessarily go together (rule following and stubborn do not go together)
- Disorders may have overlapping symptoms (over diagnosis)
- Clusters do not match factor analysis
- Personality disorder should be seen as a continuum
- most classified clusters are borderline and NOS (trash bin)
- To complex that only a expertise can have an overview
- Comorbidity = because of overlaps in clusters sometimes wrong PD are treated
20
Q
Describe the alternative system of the DSM 5 ?
A
- Focuses on two main features:
1. Impaired personality functioning
2. presence of pathological personality traits. - Also had 5 broad domains -> with 5 trait facets each
21
Q
Out of which two domains does impaired personality functioning exist and give some examples:
A
- self problems
- E.g: Indentity problems (uniqness not given, lowe self esteem, not regulate or identfiy emotions) and self direction problems (no standard self no goal behaviour can not talk about motivations) - interpersonal problems
- E.g Empathy problemes (can not understand perspective ,motivation and behviour effects on others) and intimacy problmes ( not possible to build close relationship)
22
Q
What are the 5 domains of the alternative theory ?
A
- Negative affectivity
- Detachment
- Antagonism
- Disinhibition vs. compulsivity
- Psychoticism
23
Q
What is meant by negative affectivity and how does it correlate to the big 5 ?
A
- intense and frequent experience of negative emotions
- similar to neuroticism
24
Q
What is meant by detachment and how does it correlate to the big 5 ?
A
- being shy regarding social interactions and from other people
- low pole of extraversion
25
What is meant by antagonism and how does it correlate to the big 5 ?
- acting in a way that u create difficulties for other people
- low on agreebalness
26
What is meant by disinhibtion vs compusivity and how does it correlate to the big 5 ?
- low pole of conscientiousnes
| - ASK ELENA
27
What is meant by psychoticism and how does it correlate to the big 5 ?
- unusual, bizarre thoughts and perceptions.
| - no direct counterpart
28
When would someone be diagnosed as being disorderd according to the alternative model ?
- When both factors (Impaired personality functioning presence of pathological personality traits are present)
- they have to be stable across time
- behaviour is not considered to be normal for the person stage of development and culture
- not due to substance abuse
29
What influences personality traits ?
- Evolutionary adaptive functions
- gentic
- developemtal stage
- enviorment
30
What is so speacual regarding borderline ?
- high heritability 0.4
| - and caused by trauma during childhood
31
What is so special regarding schizotypal ?
- it is a "true type" so u either have the gentic tendency to develop disorder or u do not
32
How cooman are personality disorders ?
- 6% overall
- Psychiatric outpatient settings: 50%
- Highest prevalence in prisons: 66%
33
Why is treatment of personaliyt disorder so difficult ?
- because P-disorders are not based on external disorders
- crazy people are not good patient
- disorders are not present right away
34
Why is antiscoial personality disorder especially difficut to treat ?
- tend to pretend as if they are cured
- > want to obtain early release
- Great improvment sometimes lead to poorest outcomes
35
So how can we then treat antisocial personality disorders ?
- Psychodynamic group therapy
- only works for non-psychopathic offenders
- Goal was to learn empathy and responsibility
36
Which treatment worked best for also the psychpathic offenderss =
- By showing Antisocial persons that criminal acts lead to imprisonment, and showing them ways to get what they want without harming others
- not about changing
- reducting self intrest and society accepted behaviour
37
How can some personality disorders be treated ?
- Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
- Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT)
- Psychobiological Treatments
Pharmacotherapy
38
How does Psychodynamic Psychotherapy work ?
- improve self-understanding to thereby improve in functioning
- E.g: USed by BPD
- Help to reflect on & explore mental life by express emotions and speak freely about what is on their mind
39
How does Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) work ?
- thinks that PD are based on dysfunctional views about oneself, the surrounding world & the future
- Make them realise that perceptions are inaccurate & harmful and change the perceptions
40
How does Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) work ?
- To develop mindfulness so patients can better handle thoughts and feelings that cause them distress
- making patient aware what he thinks and feels and to make him to accept those thoughts
- they do not critizied thought they just show them a more adaptive respond
41
How does Psychobiological Treatment work ?
- imbalances of chemical substances of the brain
| - Use drugs to counteract
42
Give some key informations regarding life course and PD ?
- PD evolve continuously over life span
- Disorders have there peak at 13 - 14 years old
- PD reduce until 28 bceuase social competence increases
- Change in trait predicts change
- PD very difficult to assure before the age of 18
- PD are in general very flexible
43
What are the conclusions regarding the article which correlates PD with life course?
- need more longitudinal studies (not that much is known
| - We need more infos regaring classification, assessment (bewertung) & diagnosis across life span
44
What is the aim of each treatment method ?
- To treat the trait and not the psychological abnormalities
45
How succesfull are treatments ?
- reduces acute symptons
- but complex symptons is not doable
- Pharmacological treatments should only be used when integrated in psychosocial treatments
46
How much can we treat Cluster A ? (regarding psychological treatment and Pharmacotherapy )
- Most difficult to treat
- psychological treatment: suggest that change in cognitive & social disabilities of schizotypal peeps is possible
- Pharmacotherapy: some improvment but risk and benefit ratio is not clear
47
How much can we treat cluster B ? (regarding psychological treatment and Pharmacotherapy )
- Psychosocial treatment: improved outcomes on life-threatening behaviours & psychiatric symptoms
- Pharmacotherapy: Works but not for BPD and for antisocial not routinley used
48
How much can we treat Cluster C ? (regarding psychological treatment and Pharmacotherapy)
- Most simple to treat
- Psychosocial: improves social function & reduces distress -> large cognitive impact
- Pharmacotherapy: might be good for avoidant PD
49
What are drak personality traits ?
- middle ground between normal personality & clinical level pathology
- was unable to detect by DSM 4 because it was only dimensional
50
When do dark trait occur ?
- When enhancement of the self & harm others is present
| - negative characteristics that emerge when individuals let down their guard
51
What are some unique charactersitics of dark traits ?
- All are negatively correlated with A and to Honesty-Humility
- May be short-term evolutionary strategies for success
52
What are the three main dark traits ?
- Machiavellianism, Narcissim and Psychopathy
53
Name some features of the dark trait machiavellianism:
- Mainpulative personlaity
- like to deceive others
- lack of empathy, unconventional view of morlaity, self focused
- Negative to C and positive to N
54
Name some features of the dark trait narcissism:
- Grandiosity, dominance and superiority
- lack of trust and care
- bad at maintain relationship
- short term charming
- self enhancment
- positive in O,X and N
55
Name some features of the dark trait psychopathy:
- Impulsivity & thrill seeking
- low empathy
- self-promotion and superiority
- fail to learn from punishment
- low on guilt anxiety fear and embarresment
- Negative correlated to C and N positive correlated to O
56
Describe the overall relationship between workplace and dark traits:
- Machiavellianism and Psychopathy are weakly related to job performance
- people high on these traits would fake self reporst ->better chance to gain job
- a little bit helpful
57
How would each of the people solve problems as a leader with an employee ?
- Machiavellians favor manipulation, (soft tactics)
- Psychopaths favor threat (hard tactics)
- Narcissists try to use their appearance and charm to influence others.
Personality and individual differences
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